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<a name="Threads"></a>
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Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Forks.html#Forks">Forks</a>,
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Inferiors-and-Programs.html#Inferiors-and-Programs">Inferiors and Programs</a>,
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Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Running.html#Running">Running</a>
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<h3 class="section">4.10 Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads</h3>
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<p><a name="index-threads-of-execution-170"></a><a name="index-multiple-threads-171"></a><a name="index-switching-threads-172"></a>In some operating systems, such as GNU/Linux and Solaris, a single program
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may have more than one <dfn>thread</dfn> of execution. The precise semantics
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of threads differ from one operating system to another, but in general
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the threads of a single program are akin to multiple processes—except
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that they share one address space (that is, they can all examine and
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modify the same variables). On the other hand, each thread has its own
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registers and execution stack, and perhaps private memory.
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<p><span class="sc">gdb</span> provides these facilities for debugging multi-thread
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programs:
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<ul>
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<li>automatic notification of new threads
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<li>‘<samp><span class="samp">thread </span><var>thread-id</var></samp>’, a command to switch among threads
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<li>‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’, a command to inquire about existing threads
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<li>‘<samp><span class="samp">thread apply [</span><var>thread-id-list</var><span class="samp"> | all] </span><var>args</var></samp>’,
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a command to apply a command to a list of threads
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<li>thread-specific breakpoints
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<li>‘<samp><span class="samp">set print thread-events</span></samp>’, which controls printing of
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messages on thread start and exit.
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<li>‘<samp><span class="samp">set libthread-db-search-path </span><var>path</var></samp>’, which lets
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the user specify which <code>libthread_db</code> to use if the default choice
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isn't compatible with the program.
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</ul>
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<p><a name="index-focus-of-debugging-173"></a><a name="index-current-thread-174"></a>The <span class="sc">gdb</span> thread debugging facility allows you to observe all
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threads while your program runs—but whenever <span class="sc">gdb</span> takes
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control, one thread in particular is always the focus of debugging.
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This thread is called the <dfn>current thread</dfn>. Debugging commands show
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program information from the perspective of the current thread.
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<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bNew_007d-_0040var_007bsystag_007d-message-175"></a><a name="index-thread-identifier-_0028system_0029-176"></a><!-- FIXME-implementors!! It would be more helpful if the [New...] message -->
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<!-- included GDB's numeric thread handle, so you could just go to that -->
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<!-- thread without first checking `info threads'. -->
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Whenever <span class="sc">gdb</span> detects a new thread in your program, it displays
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the target system's identification for the thread with a message in the
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form ‘<samp><span class="samp">[New </span><var>systag</var><span class="samp">]</span></samp>’, where <var>systag</var> is a thread identifier
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whose form varies depending on the particular system. For example, on
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<span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux, you might see
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<pre class="smallexample"> [New Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 25582)]
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</pre>
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<p class="noindent">when <span class="sc">gdb</span> notices a new thread. In contrast, on other systems,
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the <var>systag</var> is simply something like ‘<samp><span class="samp">process 368</span></samp>’, with no
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further qualifier.
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<!-- FIXME!! (1) Does the [New...] message appear even for the very first -->
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<!-- thread of a program, or does it only appear for the -->
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<!-- second-i.e.@: when it becomes obvious we have a multithread -->
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<!-- program? -->
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<!-- (2) *Is* there necessarily a first thread always? Or do some -->
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<!-- multithread systems permit starting a program with multiple -->
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<!-- threads ab initio? -->
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<p><a name="thread-numbers"></a><a name="index-thread-number_002c-per-inferior-177"></a><a name="index-thread-identifier-_0028GDB_0029-178"></a>For debugging purposes, <span class="sc">gdb</span> associates its own thread number
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—always a single integer—with each thread of an inferior. This
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number is unique between all threads of an inferior, but not unique
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between threads of different inferiors.
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<p><a name="index-qualified-thread-ID-179"></a>You can refer to a given thread in an inferior using the qualified
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<var>inferior-num</var>.<var>thread-num</var> syntax, also known as
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<dfn>qualified thread ID</dfn>, with <var>inferior-num</var> being the inferior
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number and <var>thread-num</var> being the thread number of the given
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inferior. For example, thread <code>2.3</code> refers to thread number 3 of
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inferior 2. If you omit <var>inferior-num</var> (e.g., <code>thread 3</code>),
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then <span class="sc">gdb</span> infers you're referring to a thread of the current
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inferior.
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<p>Until you create a second inferior, <span class="sc">gdb</span> does not show the
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<var>inferior-num</var> part of thread IDs, even though you can always use
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the full <var>inferior-num</var>.<var>thread-num</var> form to refer to threads
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of inferior 1, the initial inferior.
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<p><a name="thread-ID-lists"></a><a name="index-thread-ID-lists-180"></a>Some commands accept a space-separated <dfn>thread ID list</dfn> as
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argument. A list element can be:
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<ol type=1 start=1>
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<li>A thread ID as shown in the first field of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’
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display, with or without an inferior qualifier. E.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">2.1</span></samp>’ or
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‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’.
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<li>A range of thread numbers, again with or without an inferior
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qualifier, as in <var>inf</var>.<var>thr1</var>-<var>thr2</var> or
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<var>thr1</var>-<var>thr2</var>. E.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">1.2-4</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">2-4</span></samp>’.
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<li>All threads of an inferior, specified with a star wildcard, with or
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without an inferior qualifier, as in <var>inf</var>.<code>*</code> (e.g.,
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‘<samp><span class="samp">1.*</span></samp>’) or <code>*</code>. The former refers to all threads of the
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given inferior, and the latter form without an inferior qualifier
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refers to all threads of the current inferior.
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</ol>
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<p>For example, if the current inferior is 1, and inferior 7 has one
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thread with ID 7.1, the thread list ‘<samp><span class="samp">1 2-3 4.5 6.7-9 7.*</span></samp>’
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includes threads 1 to 3 of inferior 1, thread 5 of inferior 4, threads
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7 to 9 of inferior 6 and all threads of inferior 7. That is, in
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expanded qualified form, the same as ‘<samp><span class="samp">1.1 1.2 1.3 4.5 6.7 6.8 6.9
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7.1</span></samp>’.
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<p><a name="global-thread-numbers"></a><a name="index-global-thread-number-181"></a><a name="index-global-thread-identifier-_0028GDB_0029-182"></a>In addition to a <em>per-inferior</em> number, each thread is also
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assigned a unique <em>global</em> number, also known as <dfn>global
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thread ID</dfn>, a single integer. Unlike the thread number component of
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the thread ID, no two threads have the same global ID, even when
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you're debugging multiple inferiors.
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<p>From <span class="sc">gdb</span>'s perspective, a process always has at least one
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thread. In other words, <span class="sc">gdb</span> assigns a thread number to the
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program's “main thread” even if the program is not multi-threaded.
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<p><a name="index-g_t_0024_005fthread_0040r_007b_002c-convenience-variable_007d-183"></a><a name="index-g_t_0024_005fgthread_0040r_007b_002c-convenience-variable_007d-184"></a>The debugger convenience variables ‘<samp><span class="samp">$_thread</span></samp>’ and
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‘<samp><span class="samp">$_gthread</span></samp>’ contain, respectively, the per-inferior thread number
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and the global thread number of the current thread. You may find this
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useful in writing breakpoint conditional expressions, command scripts,
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and so forth. See <a href="Convenience-Vars.html#Convenience-Vars">Convenience Variables</a>, for
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general information on convenience variables.
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<p>If <span class="sc">gdb</span> detects the program is multi-threaded, it augments the
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usual message about stopping at a breakpoint with the ID and name of
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the thread that hit the breakpoint.
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<pre class="smallexample"> Thread 2 "client" hit Breakpoint 1, send_message () at client.c:68
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</pre>
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<p>Likewise when the program receives a signal:
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<pre class="smallexample"> Thread 1 "main" received signal SIGINT, Interrupt.
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</pre>
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<a name="index-info-threads-185"></a>
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<dl><dt><code>info threads </code><span class="roman">[</span><var>thread-id-list</var><span class="roman">]</span><dd>
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Display information about one or more threads. With no arguments
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displays information about all threads. You can specify the list of
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threads that you want to display using the thread ID list syntax
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(see <a href="thread-ID-lists.html#thread-ID-lists">thread ID lists</a>).
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<p><span class="sc">gdb</span> displays for each thread (in this order):
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<ol type=1 start=1>
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<li>the per-inferior thread number assigned by <span class="sc">gdb</span>
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<li>the global thread number assigned by <span class="sc">gdb</span>, if the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-gid</span></samp>’
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option was specified
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<li>the target system's thread identifier (<var>systag</var>)
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<li>the thread's name, if one is known. A thread can either be named by
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the user (see <code>thread name</code>, below), or, in some cases, by the
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program itself.
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<li>the current stack frame summary for that thread
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</ol>
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<p class="noindent">An asterisk ‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ to the left of the <span class="sc">gdb</span> thread number
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indicates the current thread.
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<p>For example,
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</dl>
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<!-- end table here to get a little more width for example -->
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<pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) info threads
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Id Target Id Frame
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* 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8)
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2 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
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3 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
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at threadtest.c:68
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</pre>
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<p>If you're debugging multiple inferiors, <span class="sc">gdb</span> displays thread
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IDs using the qualified <var>inferior-num</var>.<var>thread-num</var> format.
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Otherwise, only <var>thread-num</var> is shown.
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<p>If you specify the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-gid</span></samp>’ option, <span class="sc">gdb</span> displays a column
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indicating each thread's global thread ID:
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<pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) info threads
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Id GId Target Id Frame
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1.1 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8)
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1.2 3 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
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1.3 4 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
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* 2.1 2 process 65 thread 1 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8)
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</pre>
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<p>On Solaris, you can display more information about user threads with a
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Solaris-specific command:
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<dl>
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<dt><code>maint info sol-threads</code><dd><a name="index-maint-info-sol_002dthreads-186"></a><a name="index-thread-info-_0028Solaris_0029-187"></a>Display info on Solaris user threads.
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</dl>
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<a name="index-thread-_0040var_007bthread_002did_007d-188"></a>
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<dl><dt><code>thread </code><var>thread-id</var><dd>Make thread ID <var>thread-id</var> the current thread. The command
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argument <var>thread-id</var> is the <span class="sc">gdb</span> thread ID, as shown in
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the first field of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’ display, with or without an
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inferior qualifier (e.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">2.1</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’).
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<p><span class="sc">gdb</span> responds by displaying the system identifier of the
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thread you selected, and its current stack frame summary:
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<pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) thread 2
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[Switching to thread 2 (Thread 0xb7fdab70 (LWP 12747))]
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#0 some_function (ignore=0x0) at example.c:8
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8 printf ("hello\n");
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</pre>
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<p class="noindent">As with the ‘<samp><span class="samp">[New ...]</span></samp>’ message, the form of the text after
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‘<samp><span class="samp">Switching to</span></samp>’ depends on your system's conventions for identifying
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threads.
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<p><a name="index-thread-apply-189"></a><a name="index-apply-command-to-several-threads-190"></a><br><dt><code>thread apply [</code><var>thread-id-list</var><code> | all [-ascending]] [</code><var>flag</var><code>]... </code><var>command</var><dd>The <code>thread apply</code> command allows you to apply the named
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<var>command</var> to one or more threads. Specify the threads that you
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want affected using the thread ID list syntax (see <a href="thread-ID-lists.html#thread-ID-lists">thread ID lists</a>), or specify <code>all</code> to apply to all threads. To apply a
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command to all threads in descending order, type <kbd>thread apply all
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</kbd><var>command</var>. To apply a command to all threads in ascending order,
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type <kbd>thread apply all -ascending </kbd><var>command</var>.
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<p>The <var>flag</var> arguments control what output to produce and how to handle
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errors raised when applying <var>command</var> to a thread. <var>flag</var>
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must start with a <code>-</code> directly followed by one letter in
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<code>qcs</code>. If several flags are provided, they must be given
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individually, such as <code>-c -q</code>.
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<p>By default, <span class="sc">gdb</span> displays some thread information before the
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output produced by <var>command</var>, and an error raised during the
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execution of a <var>command</var> will abort <code>thread apply</code>. The
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following flags can be used to fine-tune this behavior:
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<dl>
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<dt><code>-c</code><dd>The flag <code>-c</code>, which stands for ‘<samp><span class="samp">continue</span></samp>’, causes any
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errors in <var>command</var> to be displayed, and the execution of
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<code>thread apply</code> then continues.
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<br><dt><code>-s</code><dd>The flag <code>-s</code>, which stands for ‘<samp><span class="samp">silent</span></samp>’, causes any errors
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or empty output produced by a <var>command</var> to be silently ignored.
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That is, the execution continues, but the thread information and errors
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are not printed.
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<br><dt><code>-q</code><dd>The flag <code>-q</code> (‘<samp><span class="samp">quiet</span></samp>’) disables printing the thread
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information.
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</dl>
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<p>Flags <code>-c</code> and <code>-s</code> cannot be used together.
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<p><a name="index-taas-191"></a><a name="index-apply-command-to-all-threads-_0028ignoring-errors-and-empty-output_0029-192"></a><br><dt><code>taas </code><var>command</var><dd>Shortcut for <code>thread apply all -s </code><var>command</var>.
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Applies <var>command</var> on all threads, ignoring errors and empty output.
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<p><a name="index-tfaas-193"></a><a name="index-apply-a-command-to-all-frames-of-all-threads-_0028ignoring-errors-and-empty-output_0029-194"></a><br><dt><code>tfaas </code><var>command</var><dd>Shortcut for <code>thread apply all -s frame apply all -s </code><var>command</var>.
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Applies <var>command</var> on all frames of all threads, ignoring errors
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and empty output. Note that the flag <code>-s</code> is specified twice:
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The first <code>-s</code> ensures that <code>thread apply</code> only shows the thread
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information of the threads for which <code>frame apply</code> produces
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some output. The second <code>-s</code> is needed to ensure that <code>frame
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apply</code> shows the frame information of a frame only if the
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<var>command</var> successfully produced some output.
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<p>It can for example be used to print a local variable or a function
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argument without knowing the thread or frame where this variable or argument
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is, using:
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<pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) tfaas p some_local_var_i_do_not_remember_where_it_is
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</pre>
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<p><a name="index-thread-name-195"></a><a name="index-name-a-thread-196"></a><br><dt><code>thread name [</code><var>name</var><code>]</code><dd>This command assigns a name to the current thread. If no argument is
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given, any existing user-specified name is removed. The thread name
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appears in the ‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’ display.
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<p>On some systems, such as <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux, <span class="sc">gdb</span> is able to
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determine the name of the thread as given by the OS. On these
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systems, a name specified with ‘<samp><span class="samp">thread name</span></samp>’ will override the
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system-give name, and removing the user-specified name will cause
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<span class="sc">gdb</span> to once again display the system-specified name.
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<p><a name="index-thread-find-197"></a><a name="index-search-for-a-thread-198"></a><br><dt><code>thread find [</code><var>regexp</var><code>]</code><dd>Search for and display thread ids whose name or <var>systag</var>
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matches the supplied regular expression.
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<p>As well as being the complement to the ‘<samp><span class="samp">thread name</span></samp>’ command,
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this command also allows you to identify a thread by its target
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<var>systag</var>. For instance, on <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux, the target <var>systag</var>
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is the LWP id.
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<pre class="smallexample"> (<span class="sc">gdb</span>) thread find 26688
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Thread 4 has target id 'Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 26688)'
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(<span class="sc">gdb</span>) info thread 4
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Id Target Id Frame
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4 Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 26688) 0x00000031ca6cd372 in select ()
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</pre>
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<p><a name="index-set-print-thread_002devents-199"></a><a name="index-print-messages-on-thread-start-and-exit-200"></a><br><dt><code>set print thread-events</code><dt><code>set print thread-events on</code><dt><code>set print thread-events off</code><dd>The <code>set print thread-events</code> command allows you to enable or
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|
disable printing of messages when <span class="sc">gdb</span> notices that new threads have
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|
started or that threads have exited. By default, these messages will
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|
be printed if detection of these events is supported by the target.
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|
Note that these messages cannot be disabled on all targets.
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<p><a name="index-show-print-thread_002devents-201"></a><br><dt><code>show print thread-events</code><dd>Show whether messages will be printed when <span class="sc">gdb</span> detects that threads
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have started and exited.
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</dl>
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<p>See <a href="Thread-Stops.html#Thread-Stops">Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs</a>, for
|
|
more information about how <span class="sc">gdb</span> behaves when you stop and start
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|
programs with multiple threads.
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|
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<p>See <a href="Set-Watchpoints.html#Set-Watchpoints">Setting Watchpoints</a>, for information about
|
|
watchpoints in programs with multiple threads.
|
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|
<p><a name="set-libthread_002ddb_002dsearch_002dpath"></a>
|
|
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|
<a name="index-set-libthread_002ddb_002dsearch_002dpath-202"></a>
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<a name="index-search-path-for-_0040code_007blibthread_005fdb_007d-203"></a>
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<dl><dt><code>set libthread-db-search-path </code><span class="roman">[</span><var>path</var><span class="roman">]</span><dd>If this variable is set, <var>path</var> is a colon-separated list of
|
|
directories <span class="sc">gdb</span> will use to search for <code>libthread_db</code>.
|
|
If you omit <var>path</var>, ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’ will be reset to
|
|
its default value (<code>$sdir:$pdir</code> on <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux and Solaris systems).
|
|
Internally, the default value comes from the <code>LIBTHREAD_DB_SEARCH_PATH</code>
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|
macro.
|
|
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|
<p>On <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux and Solaris systems, <span class="sc">gdb</span> uses a “helper”
|
|
<code>libthread_db</code> library to obtain information about threads in the
|
|
inferior process. <span class="sc">gdb</span> will use ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’
|
|
to find <code>libthread_db</code>. <span class="sc">gdb</span> also consults first if inferior
|
|
specific thread debugging library loading is enabled
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|
by ‘<samp><span class="samp">set auto-load libthread-db</span></samp>’ (see <a href="libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file.html#libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file">libthread_db.so.1 file</a>).
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|
<p>A special entry ‘<samp><span class="samp">$sdir</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’
|
|
refers to the default system directories that are
|
|
normally searched for loading shared libraries. The ‘<samp><span class="samp">$sdir</span></samp>’ entry
|
|
is the only kind not needing to be enabled by ‘<samp><span class="samp">set auto-load libthread-db</span></samp>’
|
|
(see <a href="libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file.html#libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file">libthread_db.so.1 file</a>).
|
|
|
|
<p>A special entry ‘<samp><span class="samp">$pdir</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’
|
|
refers to the directory from which <code>libpthread</code>
|
|
was loaded in the inferior process.
|
|
|
|
<p>For any <code>libthread_db</code> library <span class="sc">gdb</span> finds in above directories,
|
|
<span class="sc">gdb</span> attempts to initialize it with the current inferior process.
|
|
If this initialization fails (which could happen because of a version
|
|
mismatch between <code>libthread_db</code> and <code>libpthread</code>), <span class="sc">gdb</span>
|
|
will unload <code>libthread_db</code>, and continue with the next directory.
|
|
If none of <code>libthread_db</code> libraries initialize successfully,
|
|
<span class="sc">gdb</span> will issue a warning and thread debugging will be disabled.
|
|
|
|
<p>Setting <code>libthread-db-search-path</code> is currently implemented
|
|
only on some platforms.
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="index-show-libthread_002ddb_002dsearch_002dpath-204"></a><br><dt><code>show libthread-db-search-path</code><dd>Display current libthread_db search path.
|
|
|
|
<p><a name="index-set-debug-libthread_002ddb-205"></a><a name="index-show-debug-libthread_002ddb-206"></a><a name="index-debugging-_0040code_007blibthread_005fdb_007d-207"></a><br><dt><code>set debug libthread-db</code><dt><code>show debug libthread-db</code><dd>Turns on or off display of <code>libthread_db</code>-related events.
|
|
Use <code>1</code> to enable, <code>0</code> to disable.
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
</body></html>
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