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404 lines
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<head>
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<title>Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): Standards</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): Standards">
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<meta name="keywords" content="Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): Standards">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" rel="index" title="Option Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="up" title="Top">
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<link href="Invoking-GCC.html#Invoking-GCC" rel="next" title="Invoking GCC">
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<link href="G_002b_002b-and-GCC.html#G_002b_002b-and-GCC" rel="prev" title="G++ and GCC">
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<a name="Standards"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Invoking-GCC.html#Invoking-GCC" accesskey="n" rel="next">Invoking GCC</a>, Previous: <a href="G_002b_002b-and-GCC.html#G_002b_002b-and-GCC" accesskey="p" rel="prev">G++ and GCC</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="Language-Standards-Supported-by-GCC"></a>
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<h2 class="chapter">2 Language Standards Supported by GCC</h2>
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<p>For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC
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attempts to follow one or more versions of that standard, possibly
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with some exceptions, and possibly with some extensions.
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</p>
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<a name="C-Language"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.1 C Language</h3>
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<a name="index-C-standard"></a>
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<a name="index-C-standards"></a>
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<a name="index-ANSI-C-standard"></a>
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<a name="index-ANSI-C"></a>
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<a name="index-ANSI-C89"></a>
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<a name="index-C89"></a>
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<a name="index-ANSI-X3_002e159_002d1989"></a>
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<a name="index-X3_002e159_002d1989"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C-standard"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C90"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO_002fIEC-9899"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-9899"></a>
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<a name="index-C90"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C94"></a>
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<a name="index-C94"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C95"></a>
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<a name="index-C95"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C99"></a>
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<a name="index-C99"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C9X"></a>
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<a name="index-C9X"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C11"></a>
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<a name="index-C11"></a>
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<a name="index-ISO-C1X"></a>
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<a name="index-C1X"></a>
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<a name="index-Technical-Corrigenda"></a>
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<a name="index-TC1"></a>
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<a name="index-Technical-Corrigendum-1"></a>
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<a name="index-TC2"></a>
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<a name="index-Technical-Corrigendum-2"></a>
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<a name="index-TC3"></a>
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<a name="index-Technical-Corrigendum-3"></a>
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<a name="index-AMD1"></a>
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<a name="index-freestanding-implementation"></a>
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<a name="index-freestanding-environment"></a>
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<a name="index-hosted-implementation"></a>
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<a name="index-hosted-environment"></a>
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<a name="index-_005f_005fSTDC_005fHOSTED_005f_005f"></a>
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<a name="index-std"></a>
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<a name="index-ansi"></a>
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<a name="index-pedantic"></a>
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<a name="index-pedantic_002derrors"></a>
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<p>The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratified in 1989 and
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published in 1990. This standard was ratified as an ISO standard
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(ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There were no technical
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differences between these publications, although the sections of the
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ANSI standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard.
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The ANSI
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standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale
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document.
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This standard, in both its forms, is commonly known as <em>C89</em>, or
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occasionally as <em>C90</em>, from the dates of ratification.
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To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options
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<samp>-ansi</samp>, <samp>-std=c90</samp> or <samp>-std=iso9899:1990</samp>; to obtain
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all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should also specify
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<samp>-pedantic</samp> (or <samp>-pedantic-errors</samp> if you want them to be
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errors rather than warnings). See <a href="C-Dialect-Options.html#C-Dialect-Options">Options
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Controlling C Dialect</a>.
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</p>
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<p>Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical
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Corrigenda published in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the
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uncorrected version.
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</p>
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<p>An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This
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amendment added digraphs and <code>__STDC_VERSION__</code> to the language,
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but otherwise concerned the library. This amendment is commonly known
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as <em>AMD1</em>; the amended standard is sometimes known as <em>C94</em> or
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<em>C95</em>. To select this standard in GCC, use the option
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<samp>-std=iso9899:199409</samp> (with, as for other standard versions,
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<samp>-pedantic</samp> to receive all required diagnostics).
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</p>
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<p>A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC
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9899:1999, and is commonly known as <em>C99</em>. (While in
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development, drafts of this standard version were referred to as
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<em>C9X</em>.) GCC has substantially
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complete support for this standard version; see
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<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html</a> for details. To select this
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standard, use <samp>-std=c99</samp> or <samp>-std=iso9899:1999</samp>.
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</p>
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<p>Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical
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Corrigenda published in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the
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uncorrected version.
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</p>
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<p>A fourth version of the C standard, known as <em>C11</em>, was published
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in 2011 as ISO/IEC 9899:2011. (While in development, drafts of this
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standard version were referred to as <em>C1X</em>.)
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GCC has substantially complete support
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for this standard, enabled with <samp>-std=c11</samp> or
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<samp>-std=iso9899:2011</samp>.
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</p>
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<p>By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that, on
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rare occasions conflict with the C standard. See <a href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions">Extensions to the C Language Family</a>.
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Some features that are part of the C99 standard
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are accepted as extensions in C90 mode, and some features that are part
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of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 and C99 modes.
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Use of the
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<samp>-std</samp> options listed above disables these extensions where
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they conflict with the C standard version selected. You may also
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select an extended version of the C language explicitly with
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<samp>-std=gnu90</samp> (for C90 with GNU extensions), <samp>-std=gnu99</samp>
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(for C99 with GNU extensions) or <samp>-std=gnu11</samp> (for C11 with GNU
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extensions).
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</p>
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<p>The default, if no C language dialect options are given,
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is <samp>-std=gnu11</samp>.
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</p>
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<p>The ISO C standard defines (in clause 4) two classes of conforming
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implementation. A <em>conforming hosted implementation</em> supports the
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whole standard including all the library facilities; a <em>conforming
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freestanding implementation</em> is only required to provide certain
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library facilities: those in <code><float.h></code>, <code><limits.h></code>,
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<code><stdarg.h></code>, and <code><stddef.h></code>; since AMD1, also those in
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<code><iso646.h></code>; since C99, also those in <code><stdbool.h></code> and
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<code><stdint.h></code>; and since C11, also those in <code><stdalign.h></code>
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and <code><stdnoreturn.h></code>. In addition, complex types, added in C99, are not
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required for freestanding implementations.
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</p>
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<p>The standard also defines two environments for programs, a
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<em>freestanding environment</em>, required of all implementations and
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which may not have library facilities beyond those required of
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freestanding implementations, where the handling of program startup
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and termination are implementation-defined; and a <em>hosted
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environment</em>, which is not required, in which all the library
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facilities are provided and startup is through a function <code>int
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main (void)</code> or <code>int main (int, char *[])</code>. An OS kernel is an example
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of a program running in a freestanding environment;
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a program using the facilities of an
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operating system is an example of a program running in a hosted environment.
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</p>
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<a name="index-ffreestanding"></a>
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<p>GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding
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implementation, or as the compiler for a conforming hosted
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implementation. By default, it acts as the compiler for a hosted
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implementation, defining <code>__STDC_HOSTED__</code> as <code>1</code> and
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presuming that when the names of ISO C functions are used, they have
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the semantics defined in the standard. To make it act as a conforming
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freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the
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option <samp>-ffreestanding</samp>; it then defines
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<code>__STDC_HOSTED__</code> to <code>0</code> and does not make assumptions about the
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meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions
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noted below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make
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your own arrangements for linking and startup.
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See <a href="C-Dialect-Options.html#C-Dialect-Options">Options Controlling C Dialect</a>.
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|
</p>
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<p>GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted
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implementations, nor yet all the facilities required by C99 of
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freestanding implementations on all platforms.
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To use the facilities of a hosted
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environment, you need to find them elsewhere (for example, in the
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GNU C library). See <a href="Standard-Libraries.html#Standard-Libraries">Standard Libraries</a>.
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|
</p>
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<p>Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in
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<samp>libgcc</samp>, but there are a few exceptions. GCC requires the
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freestanding environment provide <code>memcpy</code>, <code>memmove</code>,
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<code>memset</code> and <code>memcmp</code>.
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Finally, if <code>__builtin_trap</code> is used, and the target does
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not implement the <code>trap</code> pattern, then GCC emits a call
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to <code>abort</code>.
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</p>
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<p>For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and
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information concerning the history of C that is available online, see
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<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html</a>
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</p>
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<a name="C_002b_002b-Language"></a>
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<h3 class="section">2.2 C++ Language</h3>
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<p>GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard published in 1998,
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and the 2011 and 2014 revisions.
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</p>
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<p>The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC
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14882:1998) and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003
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(ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These standards are referred to as C++98 and
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C++03, respectively. GCC implements the majority of C++98 (<code>export</code>
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is a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select
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this standard in GCC, use one of the options <samp>-ansi</samp>,
|
|
<samp>-std=c++98</samp>, or <samp>-std=c++03</samp>; to obtain all the diagnostics
|
|
required by the standard, you should also specify <samp>-pedantic</samp> (or
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<samp>-pedantic-errors</samp> if you want them to be errors rather than
|
|
warnings).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>A revised ISO C++ standard was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC
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14882:2011, and is referred to as C++11; before its publication it was
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commonly referred to as C++0x. C++11 contains several changes to the
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C++ language, all of which have been implemented in GCC. For details
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see <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html">https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html</a>.
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To select this standard in GCC, use the option <samp>-std=c++11</samp>.
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|
</p>
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|
<p>Another revised ISO C++ standard was published in 2014 as ISO/IEC
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14882:2014, and is referred to as C++14; before its publication it was
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|
sometimes referred to as C++1y. C++14 contains several further
|
|
changes to the C++ language, all of which have been implemented in GCC.
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|
For details see <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx1y.html">https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx1y.html</a>.
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To select this standard in GCC, use the option <samp>-std=c++14</samp>.
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|
</p>
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|
<p>GCC also supports the C++ Concepts Technical Specification,
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ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015, which allows constraints to be defined for templates,
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allowing template arguments to be checked and for templates to be
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overloaded or specialized based on the constraints. Support for C++ Concepts
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|
is included in an experimental C++1z mode that corresponds to the next
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|
revision of the ISO C++ standard, expected to be published in 2017. To enable
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|
C++1z support in GCC, use the option <samp>-std=c++17</samp> or
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|
<samp>-std=c++1z</samp>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>More information about the C++ standards is available on the ISO C++
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|
committee’s web site at <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/</a>.
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|
</p>
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|
<p>To obtain all the diagnostics required by any of the standard versions
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|
described above you should specify <samp>-pedantic</samp>
|
|
or <samp>-pedantic-errors</samp>, otherwise GCC will allow some non-ISO C++
|
|
features as extensions. See <a href="Warning-Options.html#Warning-Options">Warning Options</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>By default, GCC also provides some additional extensions to the C++ language
|
|
that on rare occasions conflict with the C++ standard. See <a href="C_002b_002b-Dialect-Options.html#C_002b_002b-Dialect-Options">Options Controlling C++ Dialect</a>. Use of the
|
|
<samp>-std</samp> options listed above disables these extensions where they
|
|
they conflict with the C++ standard version selected. You may also
|
|
select an extended version of the C++ language explicitly with
|
|
<samp>-std=gnu++98</samp> (for C++98 with GNU extensions), or
|
|
<samp>-std=gnu++11</samp> (for C++11 with GNU extensions), or
|
|
<samp>-std=gnu++14</samp> (for C++14 with GNU extensions), or
|
|
<samp>-std=gnu++1z</samp> (for C++1z with GNU extensions).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The default, if
|
|
no C++ language dialect options are given, is <samp>-std=gnu++14</samp>.
|
|
</p>
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|
<a name="Objective_002dC-and-Objective_002dC_002b_002b-Languages"></a>
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|
<h3 class="section">2.3 Objective-C and Objective-C++ Languages</h3>
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|
<a name="index-Objective_002dC-1"></a>
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|
<a name="index-Objective_002dC_002b_002b-1"></a>
|
|
|
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<p>GCC supports “traditional” Objective-C (also known as “Objective-C
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|
1.0”) and contains support for the Objective-C exception and
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|
synchronization syntax. It has also support for a number of
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“Objective-C 2.0” language extensions, including properties, fast
|
|
enumeration (only for Objective-C), method attributes and the
|
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@optional and @required keywords in protocols. GCC supports
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Objective-C++ and features available in Objective-C are also available
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in Objective-C++.
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</p>
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<p>GCC by default uses the GNU Objective-C runtime library, which is part
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of GCC and is not the same as the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime
|
|
library used on Apple systems. There are a number of differences
|
|
documented in this manual. The options <samp>-fgnu-runtime</samp> and
|
|
<samp>-fnext-runtime</samp> allow you to switch between producing output
|
|
that works with the GNU Objective-C runtime library and output that
|
|
works with the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime library.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>There is no formal written standard for Objective-C or Objective-C++.
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|
The authoritative manual on traditional Objective-C (1.0) is
|
|
“Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Language”:
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|
</p><ul>
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<li> <a href="http://www.gnustep.org/resources/documentation/ObjectivCBook.pdf">http://www.gnustep.org/resources/documentation/ObjectivCBook.pdf</a>
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is the original NeXTstep document;
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|
</li><li> <a href="http://objc.toodarkpark.net">http://objc.toodarkpark.net</a>
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|
is the same document in another format.
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</li></ul>
|
|
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|
<p>The Objective-C exception and synchronization syntax (that is, the
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|
keywords <code>@try</code>, <code>@throw</code>, <code>@catch</code>,
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<code>@finally</code> and <code>@synchronized</code>) is
|
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supported by GCC and is enabled with the option
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<samp>-fobjc-exceptions</samp>. The syntax is briefly documented in this
|
|
manual and in the Objective-C 2.0 manuals from Apple.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The Objective-C 2.0 language extensions and features are automatically
|
|
enabled; they include properties (via the <code>@property</code>,
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|
<code>@synthesize</code> and
|
|
<code>@dynamic keywords</code>), fast enumeration (not available in
|
|
Objective-C++), attributes for methods (such as <code>deprecated</code>,
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|
<code>noreturn</code>, <code>sentinel</code>, <code>format</code>),
|
|
the <code>unused</code> attribute for method arguments, the
|
|
<code>@package</code> keyword for instance variables and the <code>@optional</code> and
|
|
<code>@required</code> keywords in protocols. You can disable all these
|
|
Objective-C 2.0 language extensions with the option
|
|
<samp>-fobjc-std=objc1</samp>, which causes the compiler to recognize the
|
|
same Objective-C language syntax recognized by GCC 4.0, and to produce
|
|
an error if one of the new features is used.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>GCC has currently no support for non-fragile instance variables.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>The authoritative manual on Objective-C 2.0 is available from Apple:
|
|
</p><ul>
|
|
<li> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html">https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html</a>
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>For more information concerning the history of Objective-C that is
|
|
available online, see <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="Go-Language"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">2.4 Go Language</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>As of the GCC 4.7.1 release, GCC supports the Go 1 language standard,
|
|
described at <a href="http://golang.org/doc/go1.html">http://golang.org/doc/go1.html</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<a name="References-for-Other-Languages"></a>
|
|
<h3 class="section">2.5 References for Other Languages</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>See <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gnat_rm/index.html#Top">About This Guide</a> in <cite>GNAT Reference Manual</cite>, for information on standard
|
|
conformance and compatibility of the Ada compiler.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>See <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gfortran/Standards.html#Standards">Standards</a> in <cite>The GNU Fortran Compiler</cite>, for details
|
|
of standards supported by GNU Fortran.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>See <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcj/Compatibility.html#Compatibility">Compatibility with the Java Platform</a> in <cite>GNU gcj</cite>,
|
|
for details of compatibility between <code>gcj</code> and the Java Platform.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
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<p>
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