2 nm

nm [-A|-o|--print-file-name] [-a|--debug-syms]
   [-B|--format=bsd] [-C|--demangle[=style]]
   [-D|--dynamic] [-fformat|--format=format]
   [-g|--extern-only] [-h|--help]
   [-l|--line-numbers] [-n|-v|--numeric-sort]
   [-P|--portability] [-p|--no-sort]
   [-r|--reverse-sort] [-S|--print-size]
   [-s|--print-armap] [-t radix|--radix=radix]
   [-u|--undefined-only] [-V|--version]
   [-X 32_64] [--defined-only] [--no-demangle]
   [--plugin name] [--size-sort] [--special-syms]
   [--synthetic] [--target=bfdname]
   [objfile…]

GNU nm lists the symbols from object files objfile…. If no object files are listed as arguments, nm assumes the file a.out.

For each symbol, nm shows:

• The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or hexadecimal by default.
• The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is usually local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). There are however a few lowercase symbols that are shown for special global symbols (u, v and w).

  A

  The symbol’s value is absolute, and will not be changed by further linking.

  B

  b

  The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).

  C

  The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined references. For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of –warn-common in Linker options in The GNU linker.

  D

  d

  The symbol is in the initialized data section.

  G

  g

  The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects, such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.

  i

  For PE format files this indicates that the symbol is in a section specific to the implementation of DLLs. For ELF format files this indicates that the symbol is an indirect function. This is a GNU extension to the standard set of ELF symbol types. It indicates a symbol which if referenced by a relocation does not evaluate to its address, but instead must be invoked at runtime. The runtime execution will then return the value to be used in the relocation.

  I

  The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol.

  N

  The symbol is a debugging symbol.

  p

  The symbols is in a stack unwind section.

  R

  r

  The symbol is in a read only data section.

  S

  s

  The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.

  T

  t

  The symbol is in the text (code) section.

  U

  The symbol is undefined.

  u

  The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a GNU extension to the standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker will make sure that in the entire process there is just one symbol with this name and type in use.

  V

  v

  The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.

  W

  w

  The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.

  -

  The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information.

  ?

  The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.

• The symbol name.

The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent.

-A

-o

--print-file-name

Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, before all of its symbols.

-a

--debug-syms

Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not listed.

-B

The same as --format=bsd (for compatibility with the MIPS nm).

-C

--demangle[=style]

Decode (demangle) low-level symbol names into user-level names. Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. See c++filt, for more information on demangling.

--no-demangle

Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.

-D

--dynamic

Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared libraries.

-f format

--format=format

Use the output format format, which can be bsd, sysv, or posix. The default is bsd. Only the first character of format is significant; it can be either upper or lower case.

-g

--extern-only

Display only external symbols.

-h

--help

Show a summary of the options to nm and exit.

-l

--line-numbers

For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.

-n

-v

--numeric-sort

Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically by their names.

-p

--no-sort

Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order encountered.

-P

--portability

Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. Equivalent to ‘-f posix’.

-r

--reverse-sort

Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the last come first.

-S

--print-size

Print both value and size of defined symbols for the bsd output style. This option has no effect for object formats that do not record symbol sizes, unless ‘--size-sort’ is also used in which case a calculated size is displayed.

-s

--print-armap

When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping (stored in the archive by ar or ranlib) of which modules contain definitions for which names.

-t radix

--radix=radix

Use radix as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be ‘d’ for decimal, ‘o’ for octal, or ‘x’ for hexadecimal.

-u

--undefined-only

Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).

-V

--version

Show the version number of nm and exit.

-X

This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of nm. It takes one parameter which must be the string 32_64. The default mode of AIX nm corresponds to -X 32, which is not supported by GNU nm.

--defined-only

Display only defined symbols for each object file.

--plugin name

Load the plugin called name to add support for extra target types. This option is only available if the toolchain has been built with plugin support enabled.

--size-sort

Sort symbols by size. For ELF objects symbol sizes are read from the ELF, for other object types the symbol sizes are computed as the difference between the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher value. If the bsd output format is used the size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value, and ‘-S’ must be used in order both size and value to be printed.

--special-syms

Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and are not normally helpful when included in the normal symbol lists. For example for ARM targets this option would skip the mapping symbols used to mark transitions between ARM code, THUMB code and data.

--synthetic

Include synthetic symbols in the output. These are special symbols created by the linker for various purposes. They are not shown by default since they are not part of the binary’s original source code.

--target=bfdname

Specify an object code format other than your system’s default format. See Target Selection, for more information.