194 lines
8.1 KiB
HTML
194 lines
8.1 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<!-- This file documents the GNU linker LD
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(Linaro_Binutils-2017.02)
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version 2.27.0.
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Copyright (C) 1991-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
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Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
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section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". -->
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<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 5.2, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
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<title>LD: Source Code Reference</title>
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<meta name="description" content="LD: Source Code Reference">
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<meta name="keywords" content="LD: Source Code Reference">
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<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
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<meta name="distribution" content="global">
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<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" rel="index" title="LD Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="Assignments.html#Assignments" rel="up" title="Assignments">
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<link href="SECTIONS.html#SECTIONS" rel="next" title="SECTIONS">
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<link href="PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html#PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN" rel="prev" title="PROVIDE_HIDDEN">
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<style type="text/css">
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<!--
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a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
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div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smallindentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em; font-size: smaller}
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kbd {font-style:oblique}
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pre.display {font-family: inherit}
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pre.format {font-family: inherit}
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pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
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pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
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pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
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span.nocodebreak {white-space:nowrap}
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span.nolinebreak {white-space:nowrap}
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span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal}
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span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal}
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ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
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-->
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<a name="Source-Code-Reference"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Previous: <a href="PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html#PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROVIDE_HIDDEN</a>, Up: <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Assignments</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="Source-Code-Reference-1"></a>
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<h4 class="subsection">3.5.5 Source Code Reference</h4>
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<p>Accessing a linker script defined variable from source code is not
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intuitive. In particular a linker script symbol is not equivalent to
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a variable declaration in a high level language, it is instead a
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symbol that does not have a value.
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</p>
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<p>Before going further, it is important to note that compilers often
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transform names in the source code into different names when they are
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stored in the symbol table. For example, Fortran compilers commonly
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prepend or append an underscore, and C++ performs extensive ‘<samp>name
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mangling</samp>’. Therefore there might be a discrepancy between the name
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of a variable as it is used in source code and the name of the same
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variable as it is defined in a linker script. For example in C a
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linker script variable might be referred to as:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> extern int foo;
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</pre></div>
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<p>But in the linker script it might be defined as:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> _foo = 1000;
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</pre></div>
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<p>In the remaining examples however it is assumed that no name
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transformation has taken place.
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</p>
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<p>When a symbol is declared in a high level language such as C, two
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things happen. The first is that the compiler reserves enough space
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in the program’s memory to hold the <em>value</em> of the symbol. The
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second is that the compiler creates an entry in the program’s symbol
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table which holds the symbol’s <em>address</em>. ie the symbol table
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contains the address of the block of memory holding the symbol’s
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value. So for example the following C declaration, at file scope:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> int foo = 1000;
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</pre></div>
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<p>creates an entry called ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ in the symbol table. This entry
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holds the address of an ‘<samp>int</samp>’ sized block of memory where the
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number 1000 is initially stored.
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</p>
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<p>When a program references a symbol the compiler generates code that
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first accesses the symbol table to find the address of the symbol’s
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memory block and then code to read the value from that memory block.
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So:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> foo = 1;
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</pre></div>
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<p>looks up the symbol ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ in the symbol table, gets the address
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associated with this symbol and then writes the value 1 into that
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address. Whereas:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> int * a = & foo;
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</pre></div>
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<p>looks up the symbol ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ in the symbol table, gets its address
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and then copies this address into the block of memory associated with
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the variable ‘<samp>a</samp>’.
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</p>
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<p>Linker scripts symbol declarations, by contrast, create an entry in
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the symbol table but do not assign any memory to them. Thus they are
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an address without a value. So for example the linker script definition:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> foo = 1000;
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</pre></div>
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<p>creates an entry in the symbol table called ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ which holds
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the address of memory location 1000, but nothing special is stored at
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address 1000. This means that you cannot access the <em>value</em> of a
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linker script defined symbol - it has no value - all you can do is
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access the <em>address</em> of a linker script defined symbol.
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</p>
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<p>Hence when you are using a linker script defined symbol in source code
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you should always take the address of the symbol, and never attempt to
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use its value. For example suppose you want to copy the contents of a
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section of memory called .ROM into a section called .FLASH and the
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linker script contains these declarations:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> start_of_ROM = .ROM;
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end_of_ROM = .ROM + sizeof (.ROM);
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start_of_FLASH = .FLASH;
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</pre></div>
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<p>Then the C source code to perform the copy would be:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> extern char start_of_ROM, end_of_ROM, start_of_FLASH;
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memcpy (& start_of_FLASH, & start_of_ROM, & end_of_ROM - & start_of_ROM);
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</pre></div>
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<p>Note the use of the ‘<samp>&</samp>’ operators. These are correct.
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Alternatively the symbols can be treated as the names of vectors or
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arrays and then the code will again work as expected:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample"> extern char start_of_ROM[], end_of_ROM[], start_of_FLASH[];
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memcpy (start_of_FLASH, start_of_ROM, end_of_ROM - start_of_ROM);
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</pre></div>
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<p>Note how using this method does not require the use of ‘<samp>&</samp>’
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operators.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Previous: <a href="PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN.html#PROVIDE_005fHIDDEN" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PROVIDE_HIDDEN</a>, Up: <a href="Assignments.html#Assignments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Assignments</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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