164 lines
7.4 KiB
HTML
164 lines
7.4 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<!-- This file documents the GNU linker LD
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(Linaro_Binutils-2017.02)
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version 2.27.0.
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Copyright (C) 1991-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
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Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
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section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". -->
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<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 5.2, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
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<title>LD: Output Section LMA</title>
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<meta name="description" content="LD: Output Section LMA">
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<meta name="keywords" content="LD: Output Section LMA">
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<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
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<meta name="distribution" content="global">
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<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" rel="index" title="LD Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes" rel="up" title="Output Section Attributes">
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<link href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment" rel="next" title="Forced Output Alignment">
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<link href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type" rel="prev" title="Output Section Type">
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<style type="text/css">
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<!--
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a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
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blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
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div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.indentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smallindentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em; font-size: smaller}
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div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
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kbd {font-style:oblique}
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pre.display {font-family: inherit}
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pre.format {font-family: inherit}
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pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
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pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
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pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
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span.nocodebreak {white-space:nowrap}
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span.nolinebreak {white-space:nowrap}
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span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal}
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span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal}
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ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
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-->
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<a name="Output-Section-LMA"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Forced Output Alignment</a>, Previous: <a href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output Section Type</a>, Up: <a href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Output Section Attributes</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="Output-Section-LMA-1"></a>
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<h4 class="subsubsection">3.6.8.2 Output Section LMA</h4>
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<a name="index-AT_003elma_005fregion"></a>
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<a name="index-AT_0028lma_0029"></a>
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<a name="index-load-address"></a>
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<a name="index-section-load-address"></a>
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<p>Every section has a virtual address (VMA) and a load address (LMA); see
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<a href="Basic-Script-Concepts.html#Basic-Script-Concepts">Basic Script Concepts</a>. The virtual address is specified by the
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see <a href="Output-Section-Address.html#Output-Section-Address">Output Section Address</a> described earlier. The load address is
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specified by the <code>AT</code> or <code>AT></code> keywords. Specifying a load
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address is optional.
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</p>
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<p>The <code>AT</code> keyword takes an expression as an argument. This
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specifies the exact load address of the section. The <code>AT></code> keyword
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takes the name of a memory region as an argument. See <a href="MEMORY.html#MEMORY">MEMORY</a>. The
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load address of the section is set to the next free address in the
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region, aligned to the section’s alignment requirements.
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</p>
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<p>If neither <code>AT</code> nor <code>AT></code> is specified for an allocatable
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section, the linker will use the following heuristic to determine the
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load address:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li> If the section has a specific VMA address, then this is used as
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the LMA address as well.
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</li><li> If the section is not allocatable then its LMA is set to its VMA.
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</li><li> Otherwise if a memory region can be found that is compatible
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with the current section, and this region contains at least one
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section, then the LMA is set so the difference between the
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VMA and LMA is the same as the difference between the VMA and LMA of
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the last section in the located region.
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</li><li> If no memory regions have been declared then a default region
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that covers the entire address space is used in the previous step.
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</li><li> If no suitable region could be found, or there was no previous
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section then the LMA is set equal to the VMA.
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</li></ul>
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<a name="index-ROM-initialized-data"></a>
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<a name="index-initialized-data-in-ROM"></a>
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<p>This feature is designed to make it easy to build a ROM image. For
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example, the following linker script creates three output sections: one
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called ‘<samp>.text</samp>’, which starts at <code>0x1000</code>, one called
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‘<samp>.mdata</samp>’, which is loaded at the end of the ‘<samp>.text</samp>’ section
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even though its VMA is <code>0x2000</code>, and one called ‘<samp>.bss</samp>’ to hold
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uninitialized data at address <code>0x3000</code>. The symbol <code>_data</code> is
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defined with the value <code>0x2000</code>, which shows that the location
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counter holds the VMA value, not the LMA value.
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">SECTIONS
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{
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.text 0x1000 : { *(.text) _etext = . ; }
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.mdata 0x2000 :
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AT ( ADDR (.text) + SIZEOF (.text) )
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{ _data = . ; *(.data); _edata = . ; }
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.bss 0x3000 :
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{ _bstart = . ; *(.bss) *(COMMON) ; _bend = . ;}
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}
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</pre></div>
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<p>The run-time initialization code for use with a program generated with
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this linker script would include something like the following, to copy
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the initialized data from the ROM image to its runtime address. Notice
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how this code takes advantage of the symbols defined by the linker
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script.
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">extern char _etext, _data, _edata, _bstart, _bend;
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char *src = &_etext;
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char *dst = &_data;
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/* ROM has data at end of text; copy it. */
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while (dst < &_edata)
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*dst++ = *src++;
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/* Zero bss. */
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for (dst = &_bstart; dst< &_bend; dst++)
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*dst = 0;
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</pre></div>
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<hr>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Forced-Output-Alignment.html#Forced-Output-Alignment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Forced Output Alignment</a>, Previous: <a href="Output-Section-Type.html#Output-Section-Type" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output Section Type</a>, Up: <a href="Output-Section-Attributes.html#Output-Section-Attributes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Output Section Attributes</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="LD-Index.html#LD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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