764 lines
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764 lines
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<!-- Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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A GNU Manual
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<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 5.2, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
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<title>GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals: Insns</title>
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<meta name="description" content="GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals: Insns">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" rel="index" title="Option Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="RTL.html#RTL" rel="up" title="RTL">
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<link href="Calls.html#Calls" rel="next" title="Calls">
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<a name="Insns"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Calls.html#Calls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calls</a>, Previous: <a href="Debug-Information.html#Debug-Information" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Debug Information</a>, Up: <a href="RTL.html#RTL" accesskey="u" rel="up">RTL</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="Insns-1"></a>
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<h3 class="section">13.19 Insns</h3>
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<a name="index-insns"></a>
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<p>The RTL representation of the code for a function is a doubly-linked
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chain of objects called <em>insns</em>. Insns are expressions with
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special codes that are used for no other purpose. Some insns are
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actual instructions; others represent dispatch tables for <code>switch</code>
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statements; others represent labels to jump to or various sorts of
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declarative information.
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</p>
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<p>In addition to its own specific data, each insn must have a unique
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id-number that distinguishes it from all other insns in the current
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function (after delayed branch scheduling, copies of an insn with the
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same id-number may be present in multiple places in a function, but
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these copies will always be identical and will only appear inside a
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<code>sequence</code>), and chain pointers to the preceding and following
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insns. These three fields occupy the same position in every insn,
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independent of the expression code of the insn. They could be accessed
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with <code>XEXP</code> and <code>XINT</code>, but instead three special macros are
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always used:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dd><a name="index-INSN_005fUID"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>INSN_UID (<var>i</var>)</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Accesses the unique id of insn <var>i</var>.
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</p>
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<a name="index-PREV_005fINSN"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>PREV_INSN (<var>i</var>)</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Accesses the chain pointer to the insn preceding <var>i</var>.
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If <var>i</var> is the first insn, this is a null pointer.
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</p>
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<a name="index-NEXT_005fINSN"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>NEXT_INSN (<var>i</var>)</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Accesses the chain pointer to the insn following <var>i</var>.
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If <var>i</var> is the last insn, this is a null pointer.
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</p></dd>
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</dl>
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<a name="index-get_005finsns"></a>
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<a name="index-get_005flast_005finsn"></a>
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<p>The first insn in the chain is obtained by calling <code>get_insns</code>; the
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last insn is the result of calling <code>get_last_insn</code>. Within the
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chain delimited by these insns, the <code>NEXT_INSN</code> and
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<code>PREV_INSN</code> pointers must always correspond: if <var>insn</var> is not
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the first insn,
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">NEXT_INSN (PREV_INSN (<var>insn</var>)) == <var>insn</var>
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</pre></div>
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<p>is always true and if <var>insn</var> is not the last insn,
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">PREV_INSN (NEXT_INSN (<var>insn</var>)) == <var>insn</var>
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</pre></div>
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<p>is always true.
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</p>
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<p>After delay slot scheduling, some of the insns in the chain might be
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<code>sequence</code> expressions, which contain a vector of insns. The value
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of <code>NEXT_INSN</code> in all but the last of these insns is the next insn
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in the vector; the value of <code>NEXT_INSN</code> of the last insn in the vector
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is the same as the value of <code>NEXT_INSN</code> for the <code>sequence</code> in
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which it is contained. Similar rules apply for <code>PREV_INSN</code>.
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</p>
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<p>This means that the above invariants are not necessarily true for insns
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inside <code>sequence</code> expressions. Specifically, if <var>insn</var> is the
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first insn in a <code>sequence</code>, <code>NEXT_INSN (PREV_INSN (<var>insn</var>))</code>
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is the insn containing the <code>sequence</code> expression, as is the value
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of <code>PREV_INSN (NEXT_INSN (<var>insn</var>))</code> if <var>insn</var> is the last
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insn in the <code>sequence</code> expression. You can use these expressions
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to find the containing <code>sequence</code> expression.
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</p>
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<p>Every insn has one of the following expression codes:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dd><a name="index-insn"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>insn</code></dt>
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<dd><p>The expression code <code>insn</code> is used for instructions that do not jump
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and do not do function calls. <code>sequence</code> expressions are always
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contained in insns with code <code>insn</code> even if one of those insns
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should jump or do function calls.
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</p>
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<p>Insns with code <code>insn</code> have four additional fields beyond the three
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mandatory ones listed above. These four are described in a table below.
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</p>
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<a name="index-jump_005finsn"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>jump_insn</code></dt>
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<dd><p>The expression code <code>jump_insn</code> is used for instructions that may
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jump (or, more generally, may contain <code>label_ref</code> expressions to
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which <code>pc</code> can be set in that instruction). If there is an
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instruction to return from the current function, it is recorded as a
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<code>jump_insn</code>.
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</p>
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<a name="index-JUMP_005fLABEL"></a>
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<p><code>jump_insn</code> insns have the same extra fields as <code>insn</code> insns,
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accessed in the same way and in addition contain a field
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<code>JUMP_LABEL</code> which is defined once jump optimization has completed.
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</p>
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<p>For simple conditional and unconditional jumps, this field contains
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the <code>code_label</code> to which this insn will (possibly conditionally)
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branch. In a more complex jump, <code>JUMP_LABEL</code> records one of the
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labels that the insn refers to; other jump target labels are recorded
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as <code>REG_LABEL_TARGET</code> notes. The exception is <code>addr_vec</code>
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and <code>addr_diff_vec</code>, where <code>JUMP_LABEL</code> is <code>NULL_RTX</code>
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and the only way to find the labels is to scan the entire body of the
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insn.
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</p>
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<p>Return insns count as jumps, but their <code>JUMP_LABEL</code> is <code>RETURN</code>
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or <code>SIMPLE_RETURN</code>.
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</p>
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<a name="index-call_005finsn"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>call_insn</code></dt>
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<dd><p>The expression code <code>call_insn</code> is used for instructions that may do
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function calls. It is important to distinguish these instructions because
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they imply that certain registers and memory locations may be altered
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unpredictably.
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</p>
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<a name="index-CALL_005fINSN_005fFUNCTION_005fUSAGE"></a>
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<p><code>call_insn</code> insns have the same extra fields as <code>insn</code> insns,
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accessed in the same way and in addition contain a field
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<code>CALL_INSN_FUNCTION_USAGE</code>, which contains a list (chain of
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<code>expr_list</code> expressions) containing <code>use</code>, <code>clobber</code> and
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sometimes <code>set</code> expressions that denote hard registers and
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<code>mem</code>s used or clobbered by the called function.
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</p>
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<p>A <code>mem</code> generally points to a stack slot in which arguments passed
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to the libcall by reference (see <a href="Register-Arguments.html#Register-Arguments">TARGET_PASS_BY_REFERENCE</a>) are stored. If the argument is
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caller-copied (see <a href="Register-Arguments.html#Register-Arguments">TARGET_CALLEE_COPIES</a>),
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the stack slot will be mentioned in <code>clobber</code> and <code>use</code>
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entries; if it’s callee-copied, only a <code>use</code> will appear, and the
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<code>mem</code> may point to addresses that are not stack slots.
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</p>
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<p>Registers occurring inside a <code>clobber</code> in this list augment
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registers specified in <code>CALL_USED_REGISTERS</code> (see <a href="Register-Basics.html#Register-Basics">Register Basics</a>).
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</p>
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<p>If the list contains a <code>set</code> involving two registers, it indicates
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that the function returns one of its arguments. Such a <code>set</code> may
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look like a no-op if the same register holds the argument and the return
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value.
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</p>
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<a name="index-code_005flabel"></a>
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<a name="index-CODE_005fLABEL_005fNUMBER"></a>
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</dd>
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<dt><code>code_label</code></dt>
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<dd><p>A <code>code_label</code> insn represents a label that a jump insn can jump
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to. It contains two special fields of data in addition to the three
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standard ones. <code>CODE_LABEL_NUMBER</code> is used to hold the <em>label
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number</em>, a number that identifies this label uniquely among all the
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labels in the compilation (not just in the current function).
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Ultimately, the label is represented in the assembler output as an
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assembler label, usually of the form ‘<samp>L<var>n</var></samp>’ where <var>n</var> is
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the label number.
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</p>
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<p>When a <code>code_label</code> appears in an RTL expression, it normally
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appears within a <code>label_ref</code> which represents the address of
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the label, as a number.
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</p>
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<p>Besides as a <code>code_label</code>, a label can also be represented as a
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<code>note</code> of type <code>NOTE_INSN_DELETED_LABEL</code>.
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</p>
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<a name="index-LABEL_005fNUSES"></a>
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<p>The field <code>LABEL_NUSES</code> is only defined once the jump optimization
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phase is completed. It contains the number of times this label is
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referenced in the current function.
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</p>
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<a name="index-LABEL_005fKIND"></a>
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<a name="index-SET_005fLABEL_005fKIND"></a>
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<a name="index-LABEL_005fALT_005fENTRY_005fP"></a>
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<a name="index-alternate-entry-points"></a>
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<p>The field <code>LABEL_KIND</code> differentiates four different types of
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labels: <code>LABEL_NORMAL</code>, <code>LABEL_STATIC_ENTRY</code>,
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<code>LABEL_GLOBAL_ENTRY</code>, and <code>LABEL_WEAK_ENTRY</code>. The only labels
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that do not have type <code>LABEL_NORMAL</code> are <em>alternate entry
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points</em> to the current function. These may be static (visible only in
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the containing translation unit), global (exposed to all translation
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units), or weak (global, but can be overridden by another symbol with the
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same name).
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</p>
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<p>Much of the compiler treats all four kinds of label identically. Some
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of it needs to know whether or not a label is an alternate entry point;
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for this purpose, the macro <code>LABEL_ALT_ENTRY_P</code> is provided. It is
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equivalent to testing whether ‘<samp>LABEL_KIND (label) == LABEL_NORMAL</samp>’.
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The only place that cares about the distinction between static, global,
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and weak alternate entry points, besides the front-end code that creates
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them, is the function <code>output_alternate_entry_point</code>, in
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<samp>final.c</samp>.
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</p>
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<p>To set the kind of a label, use the <code>SET_LABEL_KIND</code> macro.
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</p>
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||
|
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<a name="index-jump_005ftable_005fdata"></a>
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||
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</dd>
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<dt><code>jump_table_data</code></dt>
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<dd><p>A <code>jump_table_data</code> insn is a placeholder for the jump-table data
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of a <code>casesi</code> or <code>tablejump</code> insn. They are placed after
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a <code>tablejump_p</code> insn. A <code>jump_table_data</code> insn is not part o
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a basic blockm but it is associated with the basic block that ends with
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the <code>tablejump_p</code> insn. The <code>PATTERN</code> of a <code>jump_table_data</code>
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is always either an <code>addr_vec</code> or an <code>addr_diff_vec</code>, and a
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<code>jump_table_data</code> insn is always preceded by a <code>code_label</code>.
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||
|
|
The <code>tablejump_p</code> insn refers to that <code>code_label</code> via its
|
||
|
|
<code>JUMP_LABEL</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-barrier"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>barrier</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Barriers are placed in the instruction stream when control cannot flow
|
||
|
|
past them. They are placed after unconditional jump instructions to
|
||
|
|
indicate that the jumps are unconditional and after calls to
|
||
|
|
<code>volatile</code> functions, which do not return (e.g., <code>exit</code>).
|
||
|
|
They contain no information beyond the three standard fields.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-note"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fLINE_005fNUMBER"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fSOURCE_005fFILE"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>note</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p><code>note</code> insns are used to represent additional debugging and
|
||
|
|
declarative information. They contain two nonstandard fields, an
|
||
|
|
integer which is accessed with the macro <code>NOTE_LINE_NUMBER</code> and a
|
||
|
|
string accessed with <code>NOTE_SOURCE_FILE</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>If <code>NOTE_LINE_NUMBER</code> is positive, the note represents the
|
||
|
|
position of a source line and <code>NOTE_SOURCE_FILE</code> is the source file name
|
||
|
|
that the line came from. These notes control generation of line
|
||
|
|
number data in the assembler output.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Otherwise, <code>NOTE_LINE_NUMBER</code> is not really a line number but a
|
||
|
|
code with one of the following values (and <code>NOTE_SOURCE_FILE</code>
|
||
|
|
must contain a null pointer):
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dd><a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fDELETED"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_DELETED</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Such a note is completely ignorable. Some passes of the compiler
|
||
|
|
delete insns by altering them into notes of this kind.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fDELETED_005fLABEL"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_DELETED_LABEL</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This marks what used to be a <code>code_label</code>, but was not used for other
|
||
|
|
purposes than taking its address and was transformed to mark that no
|
||
|
|
code jumps to it.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fBLOCK_005fBEG"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fBLOCK_005fEND"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_BLOCK_BEG</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_BLOCK_END</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>These types of notes indicate the position of the beginning and end
|
||
|
|
of a level of scoping of variable names. They control the output
|
||
|
|
of debugging information.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fEH_005fREGION_005fBEG"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fEH_005fREGION_005fEND"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_EH_REGION_BEG</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_EH_REGION_END</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>These types of notes indicate the position of the beginning and end of a
|
||
|
|
level of scoping for exception handling. <code>NOTE_EH_HANDLER</code>
|
||
|
|
identifies which region is associated with these notes.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fFUNCTION_005fBEG"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_FUNCTION_BEG</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Appears at the start of the function body, after the function
|
||
|
|
prologue.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fINSN_005fVAR_005fLOCATION"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-NOTE_005fVAR_005fLOCATION"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>NOTE_INSN_VAR_LOCATION</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This note is used to generate variable location debugging information.
|
||
|
|
It indicates that the user variable in its <code>VAR_LOCATION</code> operand
|
||
|
|
is at the location given in the RTL expression, or holds a value that
|
||
|
|
can be computed by evaluating the RTL expression from that static
|
||
|
|
point in the program up to the next such note for the same user
|
||
|
|
variable.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>These codes are printed symbolically when they appear in debugging dumps.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-debug_005finsn"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-INSN_005fVAR_005fLOCATION"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>debug_insn</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>The expression code <code>debug_insn</code> is used for pseudo-instructions
|
||
|
|
that hold debugging information for variable tracking at assignments
|
||
|
|
(see <samp>-fvar-tracking-assignments</samp> option). They are the RTL
|
||
|
|
representation of <code>GIMPLE_DEBUG</code> statements
|
||
|
|
(<a href="GIMPLE_005fDEBUG.html#GIMPLE_005fDEBUG"><code>GIMPLE_DEBUG</code></a>), with a <code>VAR_LOCATION</code> operand that
|
||
|
|
binds a user variable tree to an RTL representation of the
|
||
|
|
<code>value</code> in the corresponding statement. A <code>DEBUG_EXPR</code> in
|
||
|
|
it stands for the value bound to the corresponding
|
||
|
|
<code>DEBUG_EXPR_DECL</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Throughout optimization passes, binding information is kept in
|
||
|
|
pseudo-instruction form, so that, unlike notes, it gets the same
|
||
|
|
treatment and adjustments that regular instructions would. It is the
|
||
|
|
variable tracking pass that turns these pseudo-instructions into var
|
||
|
|
location notes, analyzing control flow, value equivalences and changes
|
||
|
|
to registers and memory referenced in value expressions, propagating
|
||
|
|
the values of debug temporaries and determining expressions that can
|
||
|
|
be used to compute the value of each user variable at as many points
|
||
|
|
(ranges, actually) in the program as possible.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Unlike <code>NOTE_INSN_VAR_LOCATION</code>, the value expression in an
|
||
|
|
<code>INSN_VAR_LOCATION</code> denotes a value at that specific point in the
|
||
|
|
program, rather than an expression that can be evaluated at any later
|
||
|
|
point before an overriding <code>VAR_LOCATION</code> is encountered. E.g.,
|
||
|
|
if a user variable is bound to a <code>REG</code> and then a subsequent insn
|
||
|
|
modifies the <code>REG</code>, the note location would keep mapping the user
|
||
|
|
variable to the register across the insn, whereas the insn location
|
||
|
|
would keep the variable bound to the value, so that the variable
|
||
|
|
tracking pass would emit another location note for the variable at the
|
||
|
|
point in which the register is modified.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-TImode_002c-in-insn"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-HImode_002c-in-insn"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-QImode_002c-in-insn"></a>
|
||
|
|
<p>The machine mode of an insn is normally <code>VOIDmode</code>, but some
|
||
|
|
phases use the mode for various purposes.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The common subexpression elimination pass sets the mode of an insn to
|
||
|
|
<code>QImode</code> when it is the first insn in a block that has already
|
||
|
|
been processed.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The second Haifa scheduling pass, for targets that can multiple issue,
|
||
|
|
sets the mode of an insn to <code>TImode</code> when it is believed that the
|
||
|
|
instruction begins an issue group. That is, when the instruction
|
||
|
|
cannot issue simultaneously with the previous. This may be relied on
|
||
|
|
by later passes, in particular machine-dependent reorg.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Here is a table of the extra fields of <code>insn</code>, <code>jump_insn</code>
|
||
|
|
and <code>call_insn</code> insns:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dd><a name="index-PATTERN"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>PATTERN (<var>i</var>)</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>An expression for the side effect performed by this insn. This must
|
||
|
|
be one of the following codes: <code>set</code>, <code>call</code>, <code>use</code>,
|
||
|
|
<code>clobber</code>, <code>return</code>, <code>simple_return</code>, <code>asm_input</code>,
|
||
|
|
<code>asm_output</code>, <code>addr_vec</code>, <code>addr_diff_vec</code>,
|
||
|
|
<code>trap_if</code>, <code>unspec</code>, <code>unspec_volatile</code>,
|
||
|
|
<code>parallel</code>, <code>cond_exec</code>, or <code>sequence</code>. If it is a
|
||
|
|
<code>parallel</code>, each element of the <code>parallel</code> must be one these
|
||
|
|
codes, except that <code>parallel</code> expressions cannot be nested and
|
||
|
|
<code>addr_vec</code> and <code>addr_diff_vec</code> are not permitted inside a
|
||
|
|
<code>parallel</code> expression.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-INSN_005fCODE"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>INSN_CODE (<var>i</var>)</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>An integer that says which pattern in the machine description matches
|
||
|
|
this insn, or -1 if the matching has not yet been attempted.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Such matching is never attempted and this field remains -1 on an insn
|
||
|
|
whose pattern consists of a single <code>use</code>, <code>clobber</code>,
|
||
|
|
<code>asm_input</code>, <code>addr_vec</code> or <code>addr_diff_vec</code> expression.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-asm_005fnoperands"></a>
|
||
|
|
<p>Matching is also never attempted on insns that result from an <code>asm</code>
|
||
|
|
statement. These contain at least one <code>asm_operands</code> expression.
|
||
|
|
The function <code>asm_noperands</code> returns a non-negative value for
|
||
|
|
such insns.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>In the debugging output, this field is printed as a number followed by
|
||
|
|
a symbolic representation that locates the pattern in the <samp>md</samp>
|
||
|
|
file as some small positive or negative offset from a named pattern.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-LOG_005fLINKS"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>LOG_LINKS (<var>i</var>)</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>A list (chain of <code>insn_list</code> expressions) giving information about
|
||
|
|
dependencies between instructions within a basic block. Neither a jump
|
||
|
|
nor a label may come between the related insns. These are only used by
|
||
|
|
the schedulers and by combine. This is a deprecated data structure.
|
||
|
|
Def-use and use-def chains are now preferred.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fNOTES"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_NOTES (<var>i</var>)</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>A list (chain of <code>expr_list</code>, <code>insn_list</code> and <code>int_list</code>
|
||
|
|
expressions) giving miscellaneous information about the insn. It is often
|
||
|
|
information pertaining to the registers used in this insn.
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>LOG_LINKS</code> field of an insn is a chain of <code>insn_list</code>
|
||
|
|
expressions. Each of these has two operands: the first is an insn,
|
||
|
|
and the second is another <code>insn_list</code> expression (the next one in
|
||
|
|
the chain). The last <code>insn_list</code> in the chain has a null pointer
|
||
|
|
as second operand. The significant thing about the chain is which
|
||
|
|
insns appear in it (as first operands of <code>insn_list</code>
|
||
|
|
expressions). Their order is not significant.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>This list is originally set up by the flow analysis pass; it is a null
|
||
|
|
pointer until then. Flow only adds links for those data dependencies
|
||
|
|
which can be used for instruction combination. For each insn, the flow
|
||
|
|
analysis pass adds a link to insns which store into registers values
|
||
|
|
that are used for the first time in this insn.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>REG_NOTES</code> field of an insn is a chain similar to the
|
||
|
|
<code>LOG_LINKS</code> field but it includes <code>expr_list</code> and <code>int_list</code>
|
||
|
|
expressions in addition to <code>insn_list</code> expressions. There are several
|
||
|
|
kinds of register notes, which are distinguished by the machine mode, which
|
||
|
|
in a register note is really understood as being an <code>enum reg_note</code>.
|
||
|
|
The first operand <var>op</var> of the note is data whose meaning depends on
|
||
|
|
the kind of note.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fNOTE_005fKIND"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-PUT_005fREG_005fNOTE_005fKIND"></a>
|
||
|
|
<p>The macro <code>REG_NOTE_KIND (<var>x</var>)</code> returns the kind of
|
||
|
|
register note. Its counterpart, the macro <code>PUT_REG_NOTE_KIND
|
||
|
|
(<var>x</var>, <var>newkind</var>)</code> sets the register note type of <var>x</var> to be
|
||
|
|
<var>newkind</var>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Register notes are of three classes: They may say something about an
|
||
|
|
input to an insn, they may say something about an output of an insn, or
|
||
|
|
they may create a linkage between two insns. There are also a set
|
||
|
|
of values that are only used in <code>LOG_LINKS</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>These register notes annotate inputs to an insn:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dd><a name="index-REG_005fDEAD"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_DEAD</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>The value in <var>op</var> dies in this insn; that is to say, altering the
|
||
|
|
value immediately after this insn would not affect the future behavior
|
||
|
|
of the program.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>It does not follow that the register <var>op</var> has no useful value after
|
||
|
|
this insn since <var>op</var> is not necessarily modified by this insn.
|
||
|
|
Rather, no subsequent instruction uses the contents of <var>op</var>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fUNUSED"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_UNUSED</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>The register <var>op</var> being set by this insn will not be used in a
|
||
|
|
subsequent insn. This differs from a <code>REG_DEAD</code> note, which
|
||
|
|
indicates that the value in an input will not be used subsequently.
|
||
|
|
These two notes are independent; both may be present for the same
|
||
|
|
register.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fINC"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_INC</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>The register <var>op</var> is incremented (or decremented; at this level
|
||
|
|
there is no distinction) by an embedded side effect inside this insn.
|
||
|
|
This means it appears in a <code>post_inc</code>, <code>pre_inc</code>,
|
||
|
|
<code>post_dec</code> or <code>pre_dec</code> expression.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fNONNEG"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_NONNEG</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>The register <var>op</var> is known to have a nonnegative value when this
|
||
|
|
insn is reached. This is used so that decrement and branch until zero
|
||
|
|
instructions, such as the m68k dbra, can be matched.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>REG_NONNEG</code> note is added to insns only if the machine
|
||
|
|
description has a ‘<samp>decrement_and_branch_until_zero</samp>’ pattern.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fLABEL_005fOPERAND"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_LABEL_OPERAND</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This insn uses <var>op</var>, a <code>code_label</code> or a <code>note</code> of type
|
||
|
|
<code>NOTE_INSN_DELETED_LABEL</code>, but is not a <code>jump_insn</code>, or it
|
||
|
|
is a <code>jump_insn</code> that refers to the operand as an ordinary
|
||
|
|
operand. The label may still eventually be a jump target, but if so
|
||
|
|
in an indirect jump in a subsequent insn. The presence of this note
|
||
|
|
allows jump optimization to be aware that <var>op</var> is, in fact, being
|
||
|
|
used, and flow optimization to build an accurate flow graph.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fLABEL_005fTARGET"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_LABEL_TARGET</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This insn is a <code>jump_insn</code> but not an <code>addr_vec</code> or
|
||
|
|
<code>addr_diff_vec</code>. It uses <var>op</var>, a <code>code_label</code> as a
|
||
|
|
direct or indirect jump target. Its purpose is similar to that of
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_LABEL_OPERAND</code>. This note is only present if the insn has
|
||
|
|
multiple targets; the last label in the insn (in the highest numbered
|
||
|
|
insn-field) goes into the <code>JUMP_LABEL</code> field and does not have a
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_LABEL_TARGET</code> note. See <a href="#Insns">JUMP_LABEL</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fCROSSING_005fJUMP"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_CROSSING_JUMP</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This insn is a branching instruction (either an unconditional jump or
|
||
|
|
an indirect jump) which crosses between hot and cold sections, which
|
||
|
|
could potentially be very far apart in the executable. The presence
|
||
|
|
of this note indicates to other optimizations that this branching
|
||
|
|
instruction should not be “collapsed” into a simpler branching
|
||
|
|
construct. It is used when the optimization to partition basic blocks
|
||
|
|
into hot and cold sections is turned on.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fSETJMP"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_SETJMP</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Appears attached to each <code>CALL_INSN</code> to <code>setjmp</code> or a
|
||
|
|
related function.
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The following notes describe attributes of outputs of an insn:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dd><a name="index-REG_005fEQUIV"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fEQUAL"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_EQUIV</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_EQUAL</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This note is only valid on an insn that sets only one register and
|
||
|
|
indicates that that register will be equal to <var>op</var> at run time; the
|
||
|
|
scope of this equivalence differs between the two types of notes. The
|
||
|
|
value which the insn explicitly copies into the register may look
|
||
|
|
different from <var>op</var>, but they will be equal at run time. If the
|
||
|
|
output of the single <code>set</code> is a <code>strict_low_part</code> or
|
||
|
|
<code>zero_extract</code> expression, the note refers to the register that
|
||
|
|
is contained in its first operand.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>For <code>REG_EQUIV</code>, the register is equivalent to <var>op</var> throughout
|
||
|
|
the entire function, and could validly be replaced in all its
|
||
|
|
occurrences by <var>op</var>. (“Validly” here refers to the data flow of
|
||
|
|
the program; simple replacement may make some insns invalid.) For
|
||
|
|
example, when a constant is loaded into a register that is never
|
||
|
|
assigned any other value, this kind of note is used.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>When a parameter is copied into a pseudo-register at entry to a function,
|
||
|
|
a note of this kind records that the register is equivalent to the stack
|
||
|
|
slot where the parameter was passed. Although in this case the register
|
||
|
|
may be set by other insns, it is still valid to replace the register
|
||
|
|
by the stack slot throughout the function.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>A <code>REG_EQUIV</code> note is also used on an instruction which copies a
|
||
|
|
register parameter into a pseudo-register at entry to a function, if
|
||
|
|
there is a stack slot where that parameter could be stored. Although
|
||
|
|
other insns may set the pseudo-register, it is valid for the compiler to
|
||
|
|
replace the pseudo-register by stack slot throughout the function,
|
||
|
|
provided the compiler ensures that the stack slot is properly
|
||
|
|
initialized by making the replacement in the initial copy instruction as
|
||
|
|
well. This is used on machines for which the calling convention
|
||
|
|
allocates stack space for register parameters. See
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE</code> in <a href="Stack-Arguments.html#Stack-Arguments">Stack Arguments</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>In the case of <code>REG_EQUAL</code>, the register that is set by this insn
|
||
|
|
will be equal to <var>op</var> at run time at the end of this insn but not
|
||
|
|
necessarily elsewhere in the function. In this case, <var>op</var>
|
||
|
|
is typically an arithmetic expression. For example, when a sequence of
|
||
|
|
insns such as a library call is used to perform an arithmetic operation,
|
||
|
|
this kind of note is attached to the insn that produces or copies the
|
||
|
|
final value.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>These two notes are used in different ways by the compiler passes.
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_EQUAL</code> is used by passes prior to register allocation (such as
|
||
|
|
common subexpression elimination and loop optimization) to tell them how
|
||
|
|
to think of that value. <code>REG_EQUIV</code> notes are used by register
|
||
|
|
allocation to indicate that there is an available substitute expression
|
||
|
|
(either a constant or a <code>mem</code> expression for the location of a
|
||
|
|
parameter on the stack) that may be used in place of a register if
|
||
|
|
insufficient registers are available.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Except for stack homes for parameters, which are indicated by a
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_EQUIV</code> note and are not useful to the early optimization
|
||
|
|
passes and pseudo registers that are equivalent to a memory location
|
||
|
|
throughout their entire life, which is not detected until later in
|
||
|
|
the compilation, all equivalences are initially indicated by an attached
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_EQUAL</code> note. In the early stages of register allocation, a
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_EQUAL</code> note is changed into a <code>REG_EQUIV</code> note if
|
||
|
|
<var>op</var> is a constant and the insn represents the only set of its
|
||
|
|
destination register.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Thus, compiler passes prior to register allocation need only check for
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_EQUAL</code> notes and passes subsequent to register allocation
|
||
|
|
need only check for <code>REG_EQUIV</code> notes.
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>These notes describe linkages between insns. They occur in pairs: one
|
||
|
|
insn has one of a pair of notes that points to a second insn, which has
|
||
|
|
the inverse note pointing back to the first insn.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dd><a name="index-REG_005fCC_005fSETTER"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fCC_005fUSER"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_CC_SETTER</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_CC_USER</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>On machines that use <code>cc0</code>, the insns which set and use <code>cc0</code>
|
||
|
|
set and use <code>cc0</code> are adjacent. However, when branch delay slot
|
||
|
|
filling is done, this may no longer be true. In this case a
|
||
|
|
<code>REG_CC_USER</code> note will be placed on the insn setting <code>cc0</code> to
|
||
|
|
point to the insn using <code>cc0</code> and a <code>REG_CC_SETTER</code> note will
|
||
|
|
be placed on the insn using <code>cc0</code> to point to the insn setting
|
||
|
|
<code>cc0</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>These values are only used in the <code>LOG_LINKS</code> field, and indicate
|
||
|
|
the type of dependency that each link represents. Links which indicate
|
||
|
|
a data dependence (a read after write dependence) do not use any code,
|
||
|
|
they simply have mode <code>VOIDmode</code>, and are printed without any
|
||
|
|
descriptive text.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dd><a name="index-REG_005fDEP_005fTRUE"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_DEP_TRUE</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This indicates a true dependence (a read after write dependence).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fDEP_005fOUTPUT"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_DEP_OUTPUT</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This indicates an output dependence (a write after write dependence).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fDEP_005fANTI"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_DEP_ANTI</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This indicates an anti dependence (a write after read dependence).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>These notes describe information gathered from gcov profile data. They
|
||
|
|
are stored in the <code>REG_NOTES</code> field of an insn.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dd><a name="index-REG_005fBR_005fPROB"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_BR_PROB</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This is used to specify the ratio of branches to non-branches of a
|
||
|
|
branch insn according to the profile data. The note is represented
|
||
|
|
as an <code>int_list</code> expression whose integer value is between 0 and
|
||
|
|
REG_BR_PROB_BASE. Larger values indicate a higher probability that
|
||
|
|
the branch will be taken.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fBR_005fPRED"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_BR_PRED</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>These notes are found in JUMP insns after delayed branch scheduling
|
||
|
|
has taken place. They indicate both the direction and the likelihood
|
||
|
|
of the JUMP. The format is a bitmask of ATTR_FLAG_* values.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-REG_005fFRAME_005fRELATED_005fEXPR"></a>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt><code>REG_FRAME_RELATED_EXPR</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>This is used on an RTX_FRAME_RELATED_P insn wherein the attached expression
|
||
|
|
is used in place of the actual insn pattern. This is done in cases where
|
||
|
|
the pattern is either complex or misleading.
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>For convenience, the machine mode in an <code>insn_list</code> or
|
||
|
|
<code>expr_list</code> is printed using these symbolic codes in debugging dumps.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-insn_005flist"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="index-expr_005flist"></a>
|
||
|
|
<p>The only difference between the expression codes <code>insn_list</code> and
|
||
|
|
<code>expr_list</code> is that the first operand of an <code>insn_list</code> is
|
||
|
|
assumed to be an insn and is printed in debugging dumps as the insn’s
|
||
|
|
unique id; the first operand of an <code>expr_list</code> is printed in the
|
||
|
|
ordinary way as an expression.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr>
|
||
|
|
<div class="header">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Next: <a href="Calls.html#Calls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calls</a>, Previous: <a href="Debug-Information.html#Debug-Information" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Debug Information</a>, Up: <a href="RTL.html#RTL" accesskey="u" rel="up">RTL</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</body>
|
||
|
|
</html>
|