177 lines
7.5 KiB
HTML
177 lines
7.5 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<!-- Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
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Invariant Sections being "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover
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Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
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(see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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"GNU Free Documentation License".
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(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
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A GNU Manual
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(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
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You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
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software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
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funds for GNU development. -->
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<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 5.2, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
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<title>Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): Zero Length</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): Zero Length">
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<meta name="keywords" content="Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): Zero Length">
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<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
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<meta name="distribution" content="global">
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<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" rel="index" title="Option Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions" rel="up" title="C Extensions">
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<link href="Empty-Structures.html#Empty-Structures" rel="next" title="Empty Structures">
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<link href="Named-Address-Spaces.html#Named-Address-Spaces" rel="prev" title="Named Address Spaces">
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<style type="text/css">
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<!--
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a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
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blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
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div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.indentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
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div.smallindentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em; font-size: smaller}
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div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
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kbd {font-style:oblique}
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pre.display {font-family: inherit}
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pre.format {font-family: inherit}
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pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
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pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
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pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
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pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
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pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
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span.nocodebreak {white-space:nowrap}
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span.nolinebreak {white-space:nowrap}
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span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal}
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span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal}
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ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
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-->
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<a name="Zero-Length"></a>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Empty-Structures.html#Empty-Structures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Empty Structures</a>, Previous: <a href="Named-Address-Spaces.html#Named-Address-Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Named Address Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions" accesskey="u" rel="up">C Extensions</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<a name="Arrays-of-Length-Zero"></a>
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<h3 class="section">6.17 Arrays of Length Zero</h3>
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<a name="index-arrays-of-length-zero"></a>
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<a name="index-zero_002dlength-arrays"></a>
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<a name="index-length_002dzero-arrays"></a>
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<a name="index-flexible-array-members"></a>
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<p>Zero-length arrays are allowed in GNU C. They are very useful as the
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last element of a structure that is really a header for a variable-length
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object:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">struct line {
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int length;
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char contents[0];
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};
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struct line *thisline = (struct line *)
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malloc (sizeof (struct line) + this_length);
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thisline->length = this_length;
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</pre></div>
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<p>In ISO C90, you would have to give <code>contents</code> a length of 1, which
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means either you waste space or complicate the argument to <code>malloc</code>.
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</p>
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<p>In ISO C99, you would use a <em>flexible array member</em>, which is
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slightly different in syntax and semantics:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li> Flexible array members are written as <code>contents[]</code> without
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the <code>0</code>.
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</li><li> Flexible array members have incomplete type, and so the <code>sizeof</code>
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operator may not be applied. As a quirk of the original implementation
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of zero-length arrays, <code>sizeof</code> evaluates to zero.
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</li><li> Flexible array members may only appear as the last member of a
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<code>struct</code> that is otherwise non-empty.
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</li><li> A structure containing a flexible array member, or a union containing
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such a structure (possibly recursively), may not be a member of a
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structure or an element of an array. (However, these uses are
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permitted by GCC as extensions.)
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</li></ul>
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<p>Non-empty initialization of zero-length
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arrays is treated like any case where there are more initializer
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elements than the array holds, in that a suitable warning about “excess
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elements in array” is given, and the excess elements (all of them, in
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this case) are ignored.
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</p>
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<p>GCC allows static initialization of flexible array members.
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This is equivalent to defining a new structure containing the original
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structure followed by an array of sufficient size to contain the data.
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E.g. in the following, <code>f1</code> is constructed as if it were declared
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like <code>f2</code>.
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">struct f1 {
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int x; int y[];
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} f1 = { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } };
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struct f2 {
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struct f1 f1; int data[3];
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} f2 = { { 1 }, { 2, 3, 4 } };
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</pre></div>
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<p>The convenience of this extension is that <code>f1</code> has the desired
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type, eliminating the need to consistently refer to <code>f2.f1</code>.
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</p>
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<p>This has symmetry with normal static arrays, in that an array of
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unknown size is also written with <code>[]</code>.
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</p>
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<p>Of course, this extension only makes sense if the extra data comes at
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the end of a top-level object, as otherwise we would be overwriting
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data at subsequent offsets. To avoid undue complication and confusion
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with initialization of deeply nested arrays, we simply disallow any
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non-empty initialization except when the structure is the top-level
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object. For example:
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</p>
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<div class="smallexample">
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<pre class="smallexample">struct foo { int x; int y[]; };
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struct bar { struct foo z; };
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struct foo a = { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } }; // <span class="roman">Valid.</span>
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struct bar b = { { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } } }; // <span class="roman">Invalid.</span>
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struct bar c = { { 1, { } } }; // <span class="roman">Valid.</span>
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struct foo d[1] = { { 1, { 2, 3, 4 } } }; // <span class="roman">Invalid.</span>
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</pre></div>
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<hr>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="Empty-Structures.html#Empty-Structures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Empty Structures</a>, Previous: <a href="Named-Address-Spaces.html#Named-Address-Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Named Address Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions" accesskey="u" rel="up">C Extensions</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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