312 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
312 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
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HCI backend for NFC Core
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========================
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- Author: Eric Lapuyade, Samuel Ortiz
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- Contact: eric.lapuyade@intel.com, samuel.ortiz@intel.com
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General
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-------
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The HCI layer implements much of the ETSI TS 102 622 V10.2.0 specification. It
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enables easy writing of HCI-based NFC drivers. The HCI layer runs as an NFC Core
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backend, implementing an abstract nfc device and translating NFC Core API
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to HCI commands and events.
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HCI
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---
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HCI registers as an nfc device with NFC Core. Requests coming from userspace are
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routed through netlink sockets to NFC Core and then to HCI. From this point,
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they are translated in a sequence of HCI commands sent to the HCI layer in the
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host controller (the chip). Commands can be executed synchronously (the sending
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context blocks waiting for response) or asynchronously (the response is returned
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from HCI Rx context).
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HCI events can also be received from the host controller. They will be handled
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and a translation will be forwarded to NFC Core as needed. There are hooks to
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let the HCI driver handle proprietary events or override standard behavior.
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HCI uses 2 execution contexts:
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- one for executing commands : nfc_hci_msg_tx_work(). Only one command
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can be executing at any given moment.
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- one for dispatching received events and commands : nfc_hci_msg_rx_work().
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HCI Session initialization
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--------------------------
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The Session initialization is an HCI standard which must unfortunately
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support proprietary gates. This is the reason why the driver will pass a list
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of proprietary gates that must be part of the session. HCI will ensure all
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those gates have pipes connected when the hci device is set up.
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In case the chip supports pre-opened gates and pseudo-static pipes, the driver
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can pass that information to HCI core.
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HCI Gates and Pipes
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-------------------
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A gate defines the 'port' where some service can be found. In order to access
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a service, one must create a pipe to that gate and open it. In this
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implementation, pipes are totally hidden. The public API only knows gates.
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This is consistent with the driver need to send commands to proprietary gates
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without knowing the pipe connected to it.
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Driver interface
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----------------
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A driver is generally written in two parts : the physical link management and
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the HCI management. This makes it easier to maintain a driver for a chip that
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can be connected using various phy (i2c, spi, ...)
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HCI Management
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--------------
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A driver would normally register itself with HCI and provide the following
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entry points::
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struct nfc_hci_ops {
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int (*open)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev);
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void (*close)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev);
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int (*hci_ready) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev);
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int (*xmit) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, struct sk_buff *skb);
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int (*start_poll) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev,
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u32 im_protocols, u32 tm_protocols);
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int (*dep_link_up)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, struct nfc_target *target,
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u8 comm_mode, u8 *gb, size_t gb_len);
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int (*dep_link_down)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev);
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int (*target_from_gate) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate,
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struct nfc_target *target);
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int (*complete_target_discovered) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate,
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struct nfc_target *target);
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int (*im_transceive) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev,
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struct nfc_target *target, struct sk_buff *skb,
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data_exchange_cb_t cb, void *cb_context);
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int (*tm_send)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, struct sk_buff *skb);
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int (*check_presence)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev,
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struct nfc_target *target);
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int (*event_received)(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate, u8 event,
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struct sk_buff *skb);
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};
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- open() and close() shall turn the hardware on and off.
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- hci_ready() is an optional entry point that is called right after the hci
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session has been set up. The driver can use it to do additional initialization
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that must be performed using HCI commands.
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- xmit() shall simply write a frame to the physical link.
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- start_poll() is an optional entrypoint that shall set the hardware in polling
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mode. This must be implemented only if the hardware uses proprietary gates or a
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mechanism slightly different from the HCI standard.
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- dep_link_up() is called after a p2p target has been detected, to finish
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the p2p connection setup with hardware parameters that need to be passed back
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to nfc core.
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- dep_link_down() is called to bring the p2p link down.
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- target_from_gate() is an optional entrypoint to return the nfc protocols
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corresponding to a proprietary gate.
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- complete_target_discovered() is an optional entry point to let the driver
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perform additional proprietary processing necessary to auto activate the
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discovered target.
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- im_transceive() must be implemented by the driver if proprietary HCI commands
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are required to send data to the tag. Some tag types will require custom
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commands, others can be written to using the standard HCI commands. The driver
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can check the tag type and either do proprietary processing, or return 1 to ask
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for standard processing. The data exchange command itself must be sent
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asynchronously.
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- tm_send() is called to send data in the case of a p2p connection
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- check_presence() is an optional entry point that will be called regularly
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by the core to check that an activated tag is still in the field. If this is
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not implemented, the core will not be able to push tag_lost events to the user
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space
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- event_received() is called to handle an event coming from the chip. Driver
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can handle the event or return 1 to let HCI attempt standard processing.
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On the rx path, the driver is responsible to push incoming HCP frames to HCI
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using nfc_hci_recv_frame(). HCI will take care of re-aggregation and handling
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This must be done from a context that can sleep.
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PHY Management
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--------------
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The physical link (i2c, ...) management is defined by the following structure::
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struct nfc_phy_ops {
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int (*write)(void *dev_id, struct sk_buff *skb);
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int (*enable)(void *dev_id);
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void (*disable)(void *dev_id);
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};
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enable():
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turn the phy on (power on), make it ready to transfer data
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disable():
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turn the phy off
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write():
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Send a data frame to the chip. Note that to enable higher
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layers such as an llc to store the frame for re-emission, this
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function must not alter the skb. It must also not return a positive
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result (return 0 for success, negative for failure).
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Data coming from the chip shall be sent directly to nfc_hci_recv_frame().
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LLC
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---
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Communication between the CPU and the chip often requires some link layer
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protocol. Those are isolated as modules managed by the HCI layer. There are
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currently two modules : nop (raw transfert) and shdlc.
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A new llc must implement the following functions::
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struct nfc_llc_ops {
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void *(*init) (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, xmit_to_drv_t xmit_to_drv,
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rcv_to_hci_t rcv_to_hci, int tx_headroom,
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int tx_tailroom, int *rx_headroom, int *rx_tailroom,
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llc_failure_t llc_failure);
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void (*deinit) (struct nfc_llc *llc);
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int (*start) (struct nfc_llc *llc);
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int (*stop) (struct nfc_llc *llc);
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void (*rcv_from_drv) (struct nfc_llc *llc, struct sk_buff *skb);
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int (*xmit_from_hci) (struct nfc_llc *llc, struct sk_buff *skb);
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};
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init():
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allocate and init your private storage
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deinit():
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cleanup
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start():
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establish the logical connection
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stop ():
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terminate the logical connection
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rcv_from_drv():
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handle data coming from the chip, going to HCI
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xmit_from_hci():
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handle data sent by HCI, going to the chip
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The llc must be registered with nfc before it can be used. Do that by
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calling::
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nfc_llc_register(const char *name, const struct nfc_llc_ops *ops);
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Again, note that the llc does not handle the physical link. It is thus very
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easy to mix any physical link with any llc for a given chip driver.
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Included Drivers
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----------------
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An HCI based driver for an NXP PN544, connected through I2C bus, and using
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shdlc is included.
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Execution Contexts
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------------------
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The execution contexts are the following:
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- IRQ handler (IRQH):
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fast, cannot sleep. sends incoming frames to HCI where they are passed to
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the current llc. In case of shdlc, the frame is queued in shdlc rx queue.
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- SHDLC State Machine worker (SMW)
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Only when llc_shdlc is used: handles shdlc rx & tx queues.
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Dispatches HCI cmd responses.
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- HCI Tx Cmd worker (MSGTXWQ)
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Serializes execution of HCI commands.
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Completes execution in case of response timeout.
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- HCI Rx worker (MSGRXWQ)
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Dispatches incoming HCI commands or events.
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- Syscall context from a userspace call (SYSCALL)
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Any entrypoint in HCI called from NFC Core
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Workflow executing an HCI command (using shdlc)
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-----------------------------------------------
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Executing an HCI command can easily be performed synchronously using the
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following API::
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int nfc_hci_send_cmd (struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 gate, u8 cmd,
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const u8 *param, size_t param_len, struct sk_buff **skb)
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The API must be invoked from a context that can sleep. Most of the time, this
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will be the syscall context. skb will return the result that was received in
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the response.
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Internally, execution is asynchronous. So all this API does is to enqueue the
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HCI command, setup a local wait queue on stack, and wait_event() for completion.
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The wait is not interruptible because it is guaranteed that the command will
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complete after some short timeout anyway.
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MSGTXWQ context will then be scheduled and invoke nfc_hci_msg_tx_work().
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This function will dequeue the next pending command and send its HCP fragments
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to the lower layer which happens to be shdlc. It will then start a timer to be
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able to complete the command with a timeout error if no response arrive.
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SMW context gets scheduled and invokes nfc_shdlc_sm_work(). This function
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handles shdlc framing in and out. It uses the driver xmit to send frames and
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receives incoming frames in an skb queue filled from the driver IRQ handler.
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SHDLC I(nformation) frames payload are HCP fragments. They are aggregated to
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form complete HCI frames, which can be a response, command, or event.
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HCI Responses are dispatched immediately from this context to unblock
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waiting command execution. Response processing involves invoking the completion
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callback that was provided by nfc_hci_msg_tx_work() when it sent the command.
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The completion callback will then wake the syscall context.
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It is also possible to execute the command asynchronously using this API::
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static int nfc_hci_execute_cmd_async(struct nfc_hci_dev *hdev, u8 pipe, u8 cmd,
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const u8 *param, size_t param_len,
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data_exchange_cb_t cb, void *cb_context)
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The workflow is the same, except that the API call returns immediately, and
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the callback will be called with the result from the SMW context.
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Workflow receiving an HCI event or command
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------------------------------------------
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HCI commands or events are not dispatched from SMW context. Instead, they are
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queued to HCI rx_queue and will be dispatched from HCI rx worker
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context (MSGRXWQ). This is done this way to allow a cmd or event handler
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to also execute other commands (for example, handling the
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NFC_HCI_EVT_TARGET_DISCOVERED event from PN544 requires to issue an
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ANY_GET_PARAMETER to the reader A gate to get information on the target
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that was discovered).
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Typically, such an event will be propagated to NFC Core from MSGRXWQ context.
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Error management
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----------------
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Errors that occur synchronously with the execution of an NFC Core request are
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simply returned as the execution result of the request. These are easy.
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Errors that occur asynchronously (e.g. in a background protocol handling thread)
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must be reported such that upper layers don't stay ignorant that something
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went wrong below and know that expected events will probably never happen.
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Handling of these errors is done as follows:
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- driver (pn544) fails to deliver an incoming frame: it stores the error such
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that any subsequent call to the driver will result in this error. Then it
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calls the standard nfc_shdlc_recv_frame() with a NULL argument to report the
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problem above. shdlc stores a EREMOTEIO sticky status, which will trigger
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SMW to report above in turn.
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- SMW is basically a background thread to handle incoming and outgoing shdlc
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frames. This thread will also check the shdlc sticky status and report to HCI
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when it discovers it is not able to run anymore because of an unrecoverable
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error that happened within shdlc or below. If the problem occurs during shdlc
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connection, the error is reported through the connect completion.
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- HCI: if an internal HCI error happens (frame is lost), or HCI is reported an
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error from a lower layer, HCI will either complete the currently executing
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command with that error, or notify NFC Core directly if no command is
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executing.
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- NFC Core: when NFC Core is notified of an error from below and polling is
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active, it will send a tag discovered event with an empty tag list to the user
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space to let it know that the poll operation will never be able to detect a
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tag. If polling is not active and the error was sticky, lower levels will
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return it at next invocation.
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