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========================
USB Gadget API for Linux
========================
:Author: David Brownell
:Date: 20 August 2004
Introduction
============
This document presents a Linux-USB "Gadget" kernel mode API, for use
within peripherals and other USB devices that embed Linux. It provides
an overview of the API structure, and shows how that fits into a system
development project. This is the first such API released on Linux to
address a number of important problems, including:
- Supports USB 2.0, for high speed devices which can stream data at
several dozen megabytes per second.
- Handles devices with dozens of endpoints just as well as ones with
just two fixed-function ones. Gadget drivers can be written so
they're easy to port to new hardware.
- Flexible enough to expose more complex USB device capabilities such
as multiple configurations, multiple interfaces, composite devices,
and alternate interface settings.
- USB "On-The-Go" (OTG) support, in conjunction with updates to the
Linux-USB host side.
- Sharing data structures and API models with the Linux-USB host side
API. This helps the OTG support, and looks forward to more-symmetric
frameworks (where the same I/O model is used by both host and device
side drivers).
- Minimalist, so it's easier to support new device controller hardware.
I/O processing doesn't imply large demands for memory or CPU
resources.
Most Linux developers will not be able to use this API, since they have
USB ``host`` hardware in a PC, workstation, or server. Linux users with
embedded systems are more likely to have USB peripheral hardware. To
distinguish drivers running inside such hardware from the more familiar
Linux "USB device drivers", which are host side proxies for the real USB
devices, a different term is used: the drivers inside the peripherals
are "USB gadget drivers". In USB protocol interactions, the device
driver is the master (or "client driver") and the gadget driver is the
slave (or "function driver").
The gadget API resembles the host side Linux-USB API in that both use
queues of request objects to package I/O buffers, and those requests may
be submitted or canceled. They share common definitions for the standard
USB *Chapter 9* messages, structures, and constants. Also, both APIs
bind and unbind drivers to devices. The APIs differ in detail, since the
host side's current URB framework exposes a number of implementation
details and assumptions that are inappropriate for a gadget API. While
the model for control transfers and configuration management is
necessarily different (one side is a hardware-neutral master, the other
is a hardware-aware slave), the endpoint I/0 API used here should also
be usable for an overhead-reduced host side API.
Structure of Gadget Drivers
===========================
A system running inside a USB peripheral normally has at least three
layers inside the kernel to handle USB protocol processing, and may have
additional layers in user space code. The ``gadget`` API is used by the
middle layer to interact with the lowest level (which directly handles
hardware).
In Linux, from the bottom up, these layers are:
*USB Controller Driver*
This is the lowest software level. It is the only layer that talks
to hardware, through registers, fifos, dma, irqs, and the like. The
``<linux/usb/gadget.h>`` API abstracts the peripheral controller
endpoint hardware. That hardware is exposed through endpoint
objects, which accept streams of IN/OUT buffers, and through
callbacks that interact with gadget drivers. Since normal USB
devices only have one upstream port, they only have one of these
drivers. The controller driver can support any number of different
gadget drivers, but only one of them can be used at a time.
Examples of such controller hardware include the PCI-based NetChip
2280 USB 2.0 high speed controller, the SA-11x0 or PXA-25x UDC
(found within many PDAs), and a variety of other products.
*Gadget Driver*
The lower boundary of this driver implements hardware-neutral USB
functions, using calls to the controller driver. Because such
hardware varies widely in capabilities and restrictions, and is used
in embedded environments where space is at a premium, the gadget
driver is often configured at compile time to work with endpoints
supported by one particular controller. Gadget drivers may be
portable to several different controllers, using conditional
compilation. (Recent kernels substantially simplify the work
involved in supporting new hardware, by *autoconfiguring* endpoints
automatically for many bulk-oriented drivers.) Gadget driver
responsibilities include:
- handling setup requests (ep0 protocol responses) possibly
including class-specific functionality
- returning configuration and string descriptors
- (re)setting configurations and interface altsettings, including
enabling and configuring endpoints
- handling life cycle events, such as managing bindings to
hardware, USB suspend/resume, remote wakeup, and disconnection
from the USB host.
- managing IN and OUT transfers on all currently enabled endpoints
Such drivers may be modules of proprietary code, although that
approach is discouraged in the Linux community.
*Upper Level*
Most gadget drivers have an upper boundary that connects to some
Linux driver or framework in Linux. Through that boundary flows the
data which the gadget driver produces and/or consumes through
protocol transfers over USB. Examples include:
- user mode code, using generic (gadgetfs) or application specific
files in ``/dev``
- networking subsystem (for network gadgets, like the CDC Ethernet
Model gadget driver)
- data capture drivers, perhaps video4Linux or a scanner driver; or
test and measurement hardware.
- input subsystem (for HID gadgets)
- sound subsystem (for audio gadgets)
- file system (for PTP gadgets)
- block i/o subsystem (for usb-storage gadgets)
- ... and more
*Additional Layers*
Other layers may exist. These could include kernel layers, such as
network protocol stacks, as well as user mode applications building
on standard POSIX system call APIs such as ``open()``, ``close()``,
``read()`` and ``write()``. On newer systems, POSIX Async I/O calls may
be an option. Such user mode code will not necessarily be subject to
the GNU General Public License (GPL).
OTG-capable systems will also need to include a standard Linux-USB host
side stack, with ``usbcore``, one or more *Host Controller Drivers*
(HCDs), *USB Device Drivers* to support the OTG "Targeted Peripheral
List", and so forth. There will also be an *OTG Controller Driver*,
which is visible to gadget and device driver developers only indirectly.
That helps the host and device side USB controllers implement the two
new OTG protocols (HNP and SRP). Roles switch (host to peripheral, or
vice versa) using HNP during USB suspend processing, and SRP can be
viewed as a more battery-friendly kind of device wakeup protocol.
Over time, reusable utilities are evolving to help make some gadget
driver tasks simpler. For example, building configuration descriptors
from vectors of descriptors for the configurations interfaces and
endpoints is now automated, and many drivers now use autoconfiguration
to choose hardware endpoints and initialize their descriptors. A
potential example of particular interest is code implementing standard
USB-IF protocols for HID, networking, storage, or audio classes. Some
developers are interested in KDB or KGDB hooks, to let target hardware
be remotely debugged. Most such USB protocol code doesn't need to be
hardware-specific, any more than network protocols like X11, HTTP, or
NFS are. Such gadget-side interface drivers should eventually be
combined, to implement composite devices.
Kernel Mode Gadget API
======================
Gadget drivers declare themselves through a struct
:c:type:`usb_gadget_driver`, which is responsible for most parts of enumeration
for a struct :c:type:`usb_gadget`. The response to a set_configuration usually
involves enabling one or more of the struct :c:type:`usb_ep` objects exposed by
the gadget, and submitting one or more struct :c:type:`usb_request` buffers to
transfer data. Understand those four data types, and their operations,
and you will understand how this API works.
.. Note::
Other than the "Chapter 9" data types, most of the significant data
types and functions are described here.
However, some relevant information is likely omitted from what you
are reading. One example of such information is endpoint
autoconfiguration. You'll have to read the header file, and use
example source code (such as that for "Gadget Zero"), to fully
understand the API.
The part of the API implementing some basic driver capabilities is
specific to the version of the Linux kernel that's in use. The 2.6
and upper kernel versions include a *driver model* framework that has
no analogue on earlier kernels; so those parts of the gadget API are
not fully portable. (They are implemented on 2.4 kernels, but in a
different way.) The driver model state is another part of this API that is
ignored by the kerneldoc tools.
The core API does not expose every possible hardware feature, only the
most widely available ones. There are significant hardware features,
such as device-to-device DMA (without temporary storage in a memory
buffer) that would be added using hardware-specific APIs.
This API allows drivers to use conditional compilation to handle
endpoint capabilities of different hardware, but doesn't require that.
Hardware tends to have arbitrary restrictions, relating to transfer
types, addressing, packet sizes, buffering, and availability. As a rule,
such differences only matter for "endpoint zero" logic that handles
device configuration and management. The API supports limited run-time
detection of capabilities, through naming conventions for endpoints.
Many drivers will be able to at least partially autoconfigure
themselves. In particular, driver init sections will often have endpoint
autoconfiguration logic that scans the hardware's list of endpoints to
find ones matching the driver requirements (relying on those
conventions), to eliminate some of the most common reasons for
conditional compilation.
Like the Linux-USB host side API, this API exposes the "chunky" nature
of USB messages: I/O requests are in terms of one or more "packets", and
packet boundaries are visible to drivers. Compared to RS-232 serial
protocols, USB resembles synchronous protocols like HDLC (N bytes per
frame, multipoint addressing, host as the primary station and devices as
secondary stations) more than asynchronous ones (tty style: 8 data bits
per frame, no parity, one stop bit). So for example the controller
drivers won't buffer two single byte writes into a single two-byte USB
IN packet, although gadget drivers may do so when they implement
protocols where packet boundaries (and "short packets") are not
significant.
Driver Life Cycle
-----------------
Gadget drivers make endpoint I/O requests to hardware without needing to
know many details of the hardware, but driver setup/configuration code
needs to handle some differences. Use the API like this:
1. Register a driver for the particular device side usb controller
hardware, such as the net2280 on PCI (USB 2.0), sa11x0 or pxa25x as
found in Linux PDAs, and so on. At this point the device is logically
in the USB ch9 initial state (``attached``), drawing no power and not
usable (since it does not yet support enumeration). Any host should
not see the device, since it's not activated the data line pullup
used by the host to detect a device, even if VBUS power is available.
2. Register a gadget driver that implements some higher level device
function. That will then bind() to a :c:type:`usb_gadget`, which activates
the data line pullup sometime after detecting VBUS.
3. The hardware driver can now start enumerating. The steps it handles
are to accept USB ``power`` and ``set_address`` requests. Other steps are
handled by the gadget driver. If the gadget driver module is unloaded
before the host starts to enumerate, steps before step 7 are skipped.
4. The gadget driver's ``setup()`` call returns usb descriptors, based both
on what the bus interface hardware provides and on the functionality
being implemented. That can involve alternate settings or
configurations, unless the hardware prevents such operation. For OTG
devices, each configuration descriptor includes an OTG descriptor.
5. The gadget driver handles the last step of enumeration, when the USB
host issues a ``set_configuration`` call. It enables all endpoints used
in that configuration, with all interfaces in their default settings.
That involves using a list of the hardware's endpoints, enabling each
endpoint according to its descriptor. It may also involve using
``usb_gadget_vbus_draw`` to let more power be drawn from VBUS, as
allowed by that configuration. For OTG devices, setting a
configuration may also involve reporting HNP capabilities through a
user interface.
6. Do real work and perform data transfers, possibly involving changes
to interface settings or switching to new configurations, until the
device is disconnect()ed from the host. Queue any number of transfer
requests to each endpoint. It may be suspended and resumed several
times before being disconnected. On disconnect, the drivers go back
to step 3 (above).
7. When the gadget driver module is being unloaded, the driver unbind()
callback is issued. That lets the controller driver be unloaded.
Drivers will normally be arranged so that just loading the gadget driver
module (or statically linking it into a Linux kernel) allows the
peripheral device to be enumerated, but some drivers will defer
enumeration until some higher level component (like a user mode daemon)
enables it. Note that at this lowest level there are no policies about
how ep0 configuration logic is implemented, except that it should obey
USB specifications. Such issues are in the domain of gadget drivers,
including knowing about implementation constraints imposed by some USB
controllers or understanding that composite devices might happen to be
built by integrating reusable components.
Note that the lifecycle above can be slightly different for OTG devices.
Other than providing an additional OTG descriptor in each configuration,
only the HNP-related differences are particularly visible to driver
code. They involve reporting requirements during the ``SET_CONFIGURATION``
request, and the option to invoke HNP during some suspend callbacks.
Also, SRP changes the semantics of ``usb_gadget_wakeup`` slightly.
USB 2.0 Chapter 9 Types and Constants
-------------------------------------
Gadget drivers rely on common USB structures and constants defined in
the :ref:`linux/usb/ch9.h <usb_chapter9>` header file, which is standard in
Linux 2.6+ kernels. These are the same types and constants used by host side
drivers (and usbcore).
Core Objects and Methods
------------------------
These are declared in ``<linux/usb/gadget.h>``, and are used by gadget
drivers to interact with USB peripheral controller drivers.
.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/usb/gadget.h
:internal:
Optional Utilities
------------------
The core API is sufficient for writing a USB Gadget Driver, but some
optional utilities are provided to simplify common tasks. These
utilities include endpoint autoconfiguration.
.. kernel-doc:: drivers/usb/gadget/usbstring.c
:export:
.. kernel-doc:: drivers/usb/gadget/config.c
:export:
Composite Device Framework
--------------------------
The core API is sufficient for writing drivers for composite USB devices
(with more than one function in a given configuration), and also
multi-configuration devices (also more than one function, but not
necessarily sharing a given configuration). There is however an optional
framework which makes it easier to reuse and combine functions.
Devices using this framework provide a struct :c:type:`usb_composite_driver`,
which in turn provides one or more struct :c:type:`usb_configuration`
instances. Each such configuration includes at least one struct
:c:type:`usb_function`, which packages a user visible role such as "network
link" or "mass storage device". Management functions may also exist,
such as "Device Firmware Upgrade".
.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/usb/composite.h
:internal:
.. kernel-doc:: drivers/usb/gadget/composite.c
:export:
Composite Device Functions
--------------------------
At this writing, a few of the current gadget drivers have been converted
to this framework. Near-term plans include converting all of them,
except for ``gadgetfs``.
Peripheral Controller Drivers
=============================
The first hardware supporting this API was the NetChip 2280 controller,
which supports USB 2.0 high speed and is based on PCI. This is the
``net2280`` driver module. The driver supports Linux kernel versions 2.4
and 2.6; contact NetChip Technologies for development boards and product
information.
Other hardware working in the ``gadget`` framework includes: Intel's PXA
25x and IXP42x series processors (``pxa2xx_udc``), Toshiba TC86c001
"Goku-S" (``goku_udc``), Renesas SH7705/7727 (``sh_udc``), MediaQ 11xx
(``mq11xx_udc``), Hynix HMS30C7202 (``h7202_udc``), National 9303/4
(``n9604_udc``), Texas Instruments OMAP (``omap_udc``), Sharp LH7A40x
(``lh7a40x_udc``), and more. Most of those are full speed controllers.
At this writing, there are people at work on drivers in this framework
for several other USB device controllers, with plans to make many of
them be widely available.
A partial USB simulator, the ``dummy_hcd`` driver, is available. It can
act like a net2280, a pxa25x, or an sa11x0 in terms of available
endpoints and device speeds; and it simulates control, bulk, and to some
extent interrupt transfers. That lets you develop some parts of a gadget
driver on a normal PC, without any special hardware, and perhaps with
the assistance of tools such as GDB running with User Mode Linux. At
least one person has expressed interest in adapting that approach,
hooking it up to a simulator for a microcontroller. Such simulators can
help debug subsystems where the runtime hardware is unfriendly to
software development, or is not yet available.
Support for other controllers is expected to be developed and
contributed over time, as this driver framework evolves.
Gadget Drivers
==============
In addition to *Gadget Zero* (used primarily for testing and development
with drivers for usb controller hardware), other gadget drivers exist.
There's an ``ethernet`` gadget driver, which implements one of the most
useful *Communications Device Class* (CDC) models. One of the standards
for cable modem interoperability even specifies the use of this ethernet
model as one of two mandatory options. Gadgets using this code look to a
USB host as if they're an Ethernet adapter. It provides access to a
network where the gadget's CPU is one host, which could easily be
bridging, routing, or firewalling access to other networks. Since some
hardware can't fully implement the CDC Ethernet requirements, this
driver also implements a "good parts only" subset of CDC Ethernet. (That
subset doesn't advertise itself as CDC Ethernet, to avoid creating
problems.)
Support for Microsoft's ``RNDIS`` protocol has been contributed by
Pengutronix and Auerswald GmbH. This is like CDC Ethernet, but it runs
on more slightly USB hardware (but less than the CDC subset). However,
its main claim to fame is being able to connect directly to recent
versions of Windows, using drivers that Microsoft bundles and supports,
making it much simpler to network with Windows.
There is also support for user mode gadget drivers, using ``gadgetfs``.
This provides a *User Mode API* that presents each endpoint as a single
file descriptor. I/O is done using normal ``read()`` and ``read()`` calls.
Familiar tools like GDB and pthreads can be used to develop and debug
user mode drivers, so that once a robust controller driver is available
many applications for it won't require new kernel mode software. Linux
2.6 *Async I/O (AIO)* support is available, so that user mode software
can stream data with only slightly more overhead than a kernel driver.
There's a USB Mass Storage class driver, which provides a different
solution for interoperability with systems such as MS-Windows and MacOS.
That *Mass Storage* driver uses a file or block device as backing store
for a drive, like the ``loop`` driver. The USB host uses the BBB, CB, or
CBI versions of the mass storage class specification, using transparent
SCSI commands to access the data from the backing store.
There's a "serial line" driver, useful for TTY style operation over USB.
The latest version of that driver supports CDC ACM style operation, like
a USB modem, and so on most hardware it can interoperate easily with
MS-Windows. One interesting use of that driver is in boot firmware (like
a BIOS), which can sometimes use that model with very small systems
without real serial lines.
Support for other kinds of gadget is expected to be developed and
contributed over time, as this driver framework evolves.
USB On-The-GO (OTG)
===================
USB OTG support on Linux 2.6 was initially developed by Texas
Instruments for `OMAP <http://www.omap.com>`__ 16xx and 17xx series
processors. Other OTG systems should work in similar ways, but the
hardware level details could be very different.
Systems need specialized hardware support to implement OTG, notably
including a special *Mini-AB* jack and associated transceiver to support
*Dual-Role* operation: they can act either as a host, using the standard
Linux-USB host side driver stack, or as a peripheral, using this
``gadget`` framework. To do that, the system software relies on small
additions to those programming interfaces, and on a new internal
component (here called an "OTG Controller") affecting which driver stack
connects to the OTG port. In each role, the system can re-use the
existing pool of hardware-neutral drivers, layered on top of the
controller driver interfaces (:c:type:`usb_bus` or :c:type:`usb_gadget`).
Such drivers need at most minor changes, and most of the calls added to
support OTG can also benefit non-OTG products.
- Gadget drivers test the ``is_otg`` flag, and use it to determine
whether or not to include an OTG descriptor in each of their
configurations.
- Gadget drivers may need changes to support the two new OTG protocols,
exposed in new gadget attributes such as ``b_hnp_enable`` flag. HNP
support should be reported through a user interface (two LEDs could
suffice), and is triggered in some cases when the host suspends the
peripheral. SRP support can be user-initiated just like remote
wakeup, probably by pressing the same button.
- On the host side, USB device drivers need to be taught to trigger HNP
at appropriate moments, using ``usb_suspend_device()``. That also
conserves battery power, which is useful even for non-OTG
configurations.
- Also on the host side, a driver must support the OTG "Targeted
Peripheral List". That's just a whitelist, used to reject peripherals
not supported with a given Linux OTG host. *This whitelist is
product-specific; each product must modify* ``otg_whitelist.h`` *to
match its interoperability specification.*
Non-OTG Linux hosts, like PCs and workstations, normally have some
solution for adding drivers, so that peripherals that aren't
recognized can eventually be supported. That approach is unreasonable
for consumer products that may never have their firmware upgraded,
and where it's usually unrealistic to expect traditional
PC/workstation/server kinds of support model to work. For example,
it's often impractical to change device firmware once the product has
been distributed, so driver bugs can't normally be fixed if they're
found after shipment.
Additional changes are needed below those hardware-neutral :c:type:`usb_bus`
and :c:type:`usb_gadget` driver interfaces; those aren't discussed here in any
detail. Those affect the hardware-specific code for each USB Host or
Peripheral controller, and how the HCD initializes (since OTG can be
active only on a single port). They also involve what may be called an
*OTG Controller Driver*, managing the OTG transceiver and the OTG state
machine logic as well as much of the root hub behavior for the OTG port.
The OTG controller driver needs to activate and deactivate USB
controllers depending on the relevant device role. Some related changes
were needed inside usbcore, so that it can identify OTG-capable devices
and respond appropriately to HNP or SRP protocols.